General Motors

Electrification of the
Automobile
David Pugh
21st July 2009
2020
1.1 billion vehicles
Circle the earth 125 times
15% vehicle ownership
Roughly Half of the known global oil reserves are
used up

North Latin West Middle East Far East

Americ America Europe East Europe and
a and Pacific
Africa

Produced
Reserves

Source: Comité professionel du

pétrole
 GM Environmental Strategy – removing the automobile
from the energy and environmental equation

Improved Reduced
Vehicle Fuel Petroleum
Economy & Consumption
Emissions Hydrogen
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Propulsion
System Battery Electric Vehicles (E-REV)

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

IC Engine and
Transmission
Improvements
Time
Fuel Petroleum(Conventional & Alternative Sources, CNG)
Infrastructure
Bio Fuels(Ethanol E85, Biogas,
- Biodiesel)

Electricity
Hydrogen

4
GM offering a range of technologies – not
one “solution”
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Conventional Fuel (petrol/diesel)

FlexFuel

EVs

Fuel Cell
 Multiple advantages with E85 in near-term

Relatively inexpensive
CO2 emissions reductions
Improved Energy security
and independence

Stimulate growth
Simple for
in agriculture
Ethanol customer
benefits

Easy for
Greater benefits from producers
2nd generation biofuels and
distributors
Cost-effective vehicle
technology
 Ethanol : potential to reduce CO2
emissions
200
from well to wheel up to
180 70%
WTW GHG Emissions [g CO2eq/km]

160

140 Note: Ethanol = 100%

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Diesel Bio-Diesel Gasoline
CNG (pipeline CBG EthanolEthanol Ethanol
(FAME) 4tkm) (municipal (wheat, (sugar Ethanol (wheat straw,
waste) NGGT+ beet) (Sugarcane)
lignocellulose
CNG Compressed Natural Gas CHP)
CBG Compressed Bio-Gas - IOGEN)
CHP Combined Heat and Power
NG GT Natural Gas Turbine Source: EUCAR-JRC-CONCAWE Joint WTW-Study, Update 200
Overcoming range anxiety – Electric
Vehicles
Many technologies available to reduce CO2 emissions on a well-
to-wheel basis but the challenge is always refuelling
infrastructure.
 fuel providers have always been reluctant to make early
investments before significant volumes of vehicles are on the road
Consumer won’t buy the vehicles unless infrastructure is widely
available

 From EV-1, we learned that:

 Consumers don’t want to take the risk of being stranded
Consumers don’t want to wait for a ubiquitous refuelling
infrastructure
Consumers don’t want to have own/rent second vehicle for longer
trips

In short, most consumers won’t make sacrifices for a

low carbon car

8
Successfully Establishing E-REV as a New
Propulsion Category

PHEV : Plug-in hybrid primary fuel:

petroleum

EV : Electric vehicle Limited vehicle range

EREV : Extended-range electric vehicle

practical zero emission vehicle

9
The Vauxhall Ampera
•E-REV – Extended Range Electric
Vehicle

•Electrically driven (NOT a hybrid)

•40 Miles of pure battery range –

average persons commute in the UK

•On board generator to recharge the

battery when depleted – overcome
range anxiety

•On board generator takes the form of

an conventional internal combustion
engine which can deliver several
hundred miles of extended range

•Vehicle emits below 40g CO2/km based

on the current EU test cycle.

•Meets all EU safety standards

•Due to arrive as RHD in UK by 2012

01/12/11 10
Lithium Ion Battery

•16 kWh (8kWh usable)

•High energy, high power in

minimized package

•Charged in approx. 3 hours @ 230

Volts,
about 8 hours @ 110 Volts

•10 years life/240,000 km

11
 E-Rev meets consumers needs

In Europe over
75% of customers
commute 60 Km
29%
or less daily
22%
17%

10%
7% 5% 3% 8%
2 - 10 12 - 20 22 - 30 32 - 40 42 - 50 52 - 60 62 - 70 >70
miles

12 12
Enablers for early commercialisation
Strategic Policy required to send complementary signals to
vehicle producers, consumers, infrastructure providers

Enablers for vehicle producers:

support for continued development via “Super Credits” in EU
CO2 legislation for cars under 50g CO2/km
Support for continued research to improve battery
technology and reduce costs

 Consumers;
Rebate at purchase to offset initial premium costs
Free access to city parking, recharging bays
Accelerated depreciation to encourage company car fleets.

Infrastructure providers:
Roll-out plan for recharging infrastructure – enable private
home, multi resident, shopping centres charging
Building standards revised to require easily accessible
recharging points
Initial volume to use off-peak power
Match growth on demand to additional renewable energy
capacity

13
 In the future, E85 will continue to play
an important role with electric mobility

GM’s Extended Range Electric Vehicle Technology

• Electric Drive vehicle with on-board generator to provide full driving range
• E-85 capable

14
 The future – Hydrogen fuel cell

Part of GM’s fleet of

over 100 4th
generation Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicles
 The World’s largest
FCEV market test
Gain experience from
“real world” driving
Get customer
feedback
on vehicle and
refueling

15
 GM HydroGen 4

 Fourth generation fuel cell

propulsion system with
improved every-day suitability,
performance and durability
 Capable to start and operate
in sub-freezing temperatures
 Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 12 s

 Top speed: 160 km/h

 Customer friendly refueling

 Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH2 (700 bar)

 Fast fill: 3 min.

 Range: 320 km

16
 GM Alternative Technologies available in Europe
CNG E-85

Zafira 1.6 CNG Combo 1.6 CNG

• Saab 9-3 BioPower 1.8t (Sport

LPG: For each model, Chevrolet offers at least 1 LPG Saloon, Sport Wagon & Convertible)
version: Matiz / Aveo/ Lacetti / Nubira / Epica / • Saab 9-5 BioPower 2.0t & 2.3t
Captiva (Saloon & Estate)

E-REV (2011-2012)

Opel/Vauxhall Ampera

Chevrolet Volt
17
Thank you - any
questions ?