Theory Credit Hours = 2.

0
Practical Credit Hours = 1.0
TOTAL CREDIT HOURS = 3.0

RECOMMENDED BOOKS;
Water Supply and Sewerage, by E.W.Steel
Unit Process Design, by Tom D.Renolyd
Class handouts
 INTRODUCTION
Environment; everything that surrounds
 Atmosphere
Thin layer of gases containing 78%N, 21%O, and other traces gases
 Hydrosphere

 Lithosphere
More than 75% (3,000m deep, avg salinity 35ppt)

 Biosphere The solid outermost shell of a earth, ocean and continental

The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms
exist or that is capable of supporting life
Environmental Science: interdisciplinary field of sciences
Environmental Engg: application of science/engg principles
Environmental management: management of the interaction

Human activities and its environmental impacts

 POPULATION GROWTH

It degrades quality of life

Resources, social environmental etc
Growth rate: 2.8%/yr

14th , World-wide: 1.1% (74million/yr) Pakistan: 88.2million ha (0.67%, 13079million ha, 2% pop)
About 6.7billion, but in 2050; 9billion
Nine countries (2050): ½ of world population, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Congo, Bangladesh,
Population density: 1541person/1000ha
Uganda, USA, Ethiopia, and China; size of contribution to population growth
Birth regulation ~China
Urban settlement: 30% of population

4 times; 389persons/ha, 3rd

0.75% of land
Karachi alone contain 30% of urban population
Other cities are LHR, FSB, RWP, GJW, HYD,MU, PESH; another 30%
 AIR POLLUTION
Causes respirator, lungs problems, cancer etc.
Primary and Secondary Pollutants 2.4million per year
1.5million per year from indoor
Primary; directly emitted from source, SOx, NOx, PM, CO etc ESP, scrubbers, baghouse etc
Secondary ; photochemical smog, ground level ozone etc Ventilation
Anthropogenic and Natural sources Clean Ar Act 1955, Amndt 1992

Anthropogenic; stationary and mobile sources, Natural; volcanic eruption , storm etc
NOx/Sox/PM: vehicular emission, industries, power generation, volcanoes etc
CO: incomplete combustion, COHb ~ oxygen carrying capacity ,25times more than USA
Main problems: acid rain, global warming, ozone layer depletion,
HC: industries, vehicles, 20times more than USA

smog etc

AR; pH< 5.5, NOx/SOx, dry and wet deposition, mobilize toxins (Al), leach away nutrients (Mg, Ca),
cancer, increase oxidation rate of metals (Cu), effects marble construction etc. CAAct Ammdnts 1990.
GW: GH effect, increase avg temp of earth 0.13oC/decade, now 15oC but 18oC at the end of 21th
century, CO2 (50%), CFCs (20%), CH4(16%), O3(8%), NOx (6%), absorbs incoming solar
(<4µm)/outgoing earth (>4µm), thermal blanket around the earth, Kyoto Protocol
O3 depletion: prevent 270-315nm UV, CFCs inert and non-water soluble , refrigerant, chain
reaction, CFCs-11/12, cancer , skin diseases, Montreal Protocol 1987, HCFCs ~ Green gases
Smog: mixture of pollutant, NOx + HC (hv), causes visibility, head ache, coughing etc
IAP: Rn (earth), formaldehyde (carpet/plywood), tetrachloroethylene (clothes),lungs , cancer
 AIR POLLUTION SYSTEMH
Emission Source

Source Control

Atmosphere
Detector Receptor

Response Response

Controllers Legislative Actions

 WATER POLLUTION
Pakistan is a water deficit/stress country
- 5654 m3/capita (1960)
- 1400 m3/capita (2000)
Population growth , expansion of business
activity, rapid urbanization , climate change ,
depletion of aquifers
170,000billion m3 (96% agr , 2% domestic/ ind),
36% saline water, arid <15” rainfall/an

- 1000 m3/capita (2010)

Available water is polluting at an alarming rate
40% death, 17000/day World
Microbial, Arsenic, Nitrates, Fluoride 60% infant death
SDW Act 1974

82% of drinking water supplies are unsafe

63%, 20% arsenopyrite, herbicides, 12% (7.6% use annually), 5%
Among the top 5 nations (25-30% hospitalized are due to water borne diseases)
12.5million tones/yr (~ 2265 tone/d of BOD, 50%), ind: 9000million gal/d (20,000tons of BOD)
Pak-EPA Act 97, PCRWR, UNICEF, WHO etc ~ tackle the issue
 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

 Polluted water is unsuitable for its intended use

- drinking 1.5 Liters/day (65gal/c/d), 90% of the body is fluid
- recreation Water borne diseases
35-40% saving (hepatitis A, polio, cholera, typhoid etc)
- agriculture Iron ~ reddish color
Bio-accumulated

- industry
 It reduces the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers
 Contaminated water destroys aquatic life
 It is hazard to human health.
Particulate matter; size > 10-1 mm, e.g. dust
Suspended matter; size (10-3 to 10-1 )mm, they retain on a filter
of pore size about 1.2µm. They impart turbidity.
Colloidal particles; they range in size from (10-6 to 10-3 )mm,
they remain in suspension because there settling velocity is less
than 0.1mm/s e.g. clay minerals
Dissolved materials; size < 10-6 mm. They impart color
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

 Organoleptic parameters Sensed by the human organs

Color, turbidity, odor, tastes etc.

 Physiochemical parameters
Temp, pH, EC, chlorides, sulfates, TDS etc.
 Substances undesirable in excess amount Minerals

Nitrates, fluoride, Fe, Zn etc.

 Toxic substances Heavy metals

Arsenic, chromium, mercury, cyanides etc.

 Microbiological parameters Indicators of pollution

Total coliform, fecal coliform etc.

CONVENTION WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Pre-Treatment
Intake
(screening, equalization, neutralization,
aeration, chemical pre-treatment)

Fit for treatment Primary Treatment

Promote economical settling
RGF/SSF ~ schmutzdecke
Scheumatzdecke, mechanical
(coagulation/flocculation
ClO2 (25 times greater oxidizing power) and sedimentation)
Chlorination (HOCl / OCl- free chlorine)
Chloramines (Combined chlorine)
Ozone (2/3 expensive, 15KWH/kg for 2.5g/m3) Secondary Treatment
UV (250-280 nm absorbed by DNA)
As per WHO (filtration)
Disinfection
Ion-exchange Advanced Treatment
Adsorption
Water softening Consumers
 WHO (Drinking Water Quality Guidlines)
Parameter Limits
pH 6.5-8.5
Turbidity 5NTU
Chlorides 250mg/L
Hardness 500mg/L
Nitrates 10mg/L
Sulfates 250mg/L
Fluoride 1.5mg/L
Arsenic 1.0ppb (µg/L)
Iron 0.3mg/L
Total Coliform Nil/100mL
TDS
 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

99.9% water
Physical characteristics 0.1% solid fraction

Includes temperature, color, odor, turbidity, solids etc.

Chemical characteristics
Includes both organic and inorganic chemicals like pH,
DO, BOD/COD and toxic substances. in addition to
various gases like H2S, CO2, CH4, NH3 etc.

2-3 billion of bacteria/gm of soil

Biological characteristics 0.5-50 million microbes/100mL
Research & Awareness
Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae etc.
 RAWWASTEWATER

Screeningtolandfill
Screening
Conventional Wastewater

Communitors 25-50mm medium, inclined

35-40%
Grit chamber 3Rs
Grit tolandfill/recycle (reduce, reuse, recycle)
Treatment Plant

Equalizationtank

Retu rn filter b ack wash

Primary
Primaryclarifiers

Retu rn sludg e liqu o r

sludge

recy cle
Biological treatment
Early 80s
Secondary
Secondaryclarifiers sludge

Sandfiltration
Sludgetreatment

Chlorination
Sanddisposal
Suspended/attached growth
Aerobic/anaerobic Receivingbodies 90s
Energy/nutrients input
Normally carbonaceous BOD
5/6th day Nitrification
Self-purification ~ turbulence
 NEQS (Pak-EPA)
Domestic/industrial effluent

Parameter Limits
pH 6-10
BOD 80 mg/L
COD 150 mg/L
TSS 150 mg/L
TDS 3500 mg/L
Phenols 0.1 mg/L
Pesticide, etc 0.15 mg/L
Lead 0.5 mg/L
Mercury 0.01 mg/L
 SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTES
Solid wastes: 17.5million tones/annually
63% has no system
Types: domestic, commercial, industrial, construction etc
0.6Kg/head/yr
Hierarchy: reduce, recycle (compost), incinerate, disposal Solid Waste Act 1965

HW Characteristics: ignitable, reactive, corrosive, toxic

40% recycle, 30compost

200kg bottom, 30-40kg fly ash ~ 1 tone of MSW
Lining, Leachate, CH4, k ≤ 10-9 m/s

Catches fire < 60 °C (wastes oil/solvents

Unstable under normal conditions (batteries)
Corroding metals: pH ≤ 2.0 or ≥ 12.5 (B/acids)
Damage/harmful to man/environment

Phenol wastes, pesticides, lubricating oil etc / Ar, Cr, Pb, Hg etc
House; metal polishers, pesticide, medicines, cosmetics, batteries, gasoline etc
Thermal (incineration), chemical (ppt) physical, bioremediation, disposal etc
Superfund; SARA 1986
 CELL FONE ADDITION?

Exponential use of cellular phone

Emits non-thermal/non-heating microwaves

Increase head temp by 1 degree

Common effects Effects semen, DNA (I J of Andrology)
2hr/d: depression: 64%, fatigue: 37%
- Interfere with electromagnetic waves
- Cause infertility in man
- Damage neurological parts 400m: base stations, 3times risk of cancer.
- Causes memory loss, thinner of skull British Parliament ~ legislation
- Leukemia cancer increase stress/tension
- Increase chance of collusions while driving

I Paper Co: $ 5.2 million 1 injury.

 WASTES MINIMIZATION
Adopting “Clean Technology”
3Rs (glass, paper, metal), modification in process (e.g. EFC, redesign, install over-flow valve), End-
of-pipe emission reduction, Cannot be destroyed/zero, Reduction in treatment/disposal cost etc.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the product

Raw material acquisition
Manufacturing process
Uses and services
Retirement/disposal
Env factors (resources , depletion,
types of wastes, effects etc.

Waste Minimization Strategy

Management involvement (commitment)
Setting of goals (level of reduction; 5% per annum)
Selection of targets (inventory of losses, selection of priorities)
Technical and economical evolution (acceptable, reliable, durable, safer etc)
Implementation (potential cost saving if immediately employed)
Follow-up assessment and monitoring (measure the effectiveness)
 COMMON RECYCLABLE
(few examples)
Construction demolition; as crushed/aggregates
Automobile batteries (Pb); recyclable

90% USA, Hg/Cd; handle with care, law required, highly toxic
Biodegradable (kitchen) wastes: compost/organic manure
Electronic gadgets: separate plastic/metal etc
Metals/glass/plastic/timber: re-use Disposal banned

Paper: pulp Reduces cost/resources

Textile wastes: insulation, furniture pads etc

Reduces in AOX/Dioxin etc

Tires/rubber: construction, playground etc

Cotton (biodegradable), synthetic plastic
etc
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
An assessment of the possible impact that a proposed project may have on the
environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects.
Stages of EIA
Screening (to decide which project)
Scoping (define key issues)
EIS preparation (analysis/conclusion; impacts identified)
Review (independently; advises/guides decision makers)
EIA Format
EIS = Environmental Impact Statement
Project description
Environmental factors
Possible mitigation measures

Construction, activities, expansion, associated plan etc.

Human, flora/fauna, environment, resources usage etc.

Site alternatives/layout, re-designing,

monitoring etc.
 ISO STANDARDS
NGO established in 1974, Switzerland (Geneva)
Function is to develop voluntary technical standards for better services, based on
consensus-approach.
ISO 14000 (Sep 1996) refers to environmental issues. 17 requirements like
environmental policy, impacts, objectives, training, documentations, safety,
environmental auditing etc
ISO 14000 series (few examples)
ISO 14001: Environmental management systems
ISO 14015: Environmental assessment
ISO 14031: Environmental performance evaluation
ISO 14040: Life cycle assessment
ISO 14064: Greenhouse gases emissions