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Critical Thinking
An Introduction to Situation Awareness
and Decision Making
This presentation provides an overview of how to improve situation awareness. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or
airline's operational documentation; should there be any discrepancy appear between this presentation and the airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Introduction
This self-study guide provides advice on how to improve your thinking and introduces the
associated aspects of situation awareness and decision making. These activities are
essential processes in threat and error management, which must be used in daily
operations. Thinking is the core skill in these activities; critical thinking involves
controlling your thinking:- thinking about the quality of your thinking.
Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to
itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced.
Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build
depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Poor thinking is costly,
both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must
be systematically and continuously cultivated.
Speakers notes provide additional information, they can be selected by clicking the right mouse button in Slideshow View,
View, select Screen, select Speakers notes.
This presentation can be printed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Detect
Avoid / Trap Situation Awareness
Mitigate
Resist
Resolve Decision Making
Recover
Plane
Path Fly the aircraft, Navigate, Communicate, Manage
People
Situation Awareness
Decision Making
DECIDE GRADE 5D
Detect a change Gather Information Detect
Estimate significance Review Information Determine
Choose a safe outcome Analyse Alternatives Decide
Identify possible actions Decide Do
Do take action Evaluate Outcome of Discipline
Evaluate the result Action
Expertise involves knowing how to decide, grade, and think – how to use all of the elements
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking provides the mental control and discipline required for
situation assessment and decision making. It involves several skills;
these can be learnt, practiced, and improved.
Expert thinkers
Focus on relevant issues
Identify essential information
Consider information on merit
Test and check the basis of their awareness and decisions
Do not rush:
Your thoughts control your actions
All flight
Value andability,
your ground use
operations
it wisely
Threats Errors Undesired States
Feedback
Senses: Situation
See Action
Hear
Awareness Decision Making
Response
Touch
Smell Monitor
Pattern recognition Choice
Taste
Comparison Selection Review
Working memory
Long term memory - knowledge, bias, beliefs
Situation
Routine Needs Skill Almost automatic action; actions
have been thought-through during
training
Trained
Uses Rules Think about which action applies to
For
the situation, compare with training
Unusual
Novel
Think about the situation, compare with
Requires Knowledg standard actions, training, and previous
e experience
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is at the centre of all safety processes and human activity.
Critical Thinking
Situation Decision
Awareness Making
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