Electronic Devices

Batch 07, Fall 2009

Operational Amplifiers

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 Operational Amplifiers
• Early, OpAmps were used primarily to performs
mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, integration and differentiation
▫ Hence the name OPERATIONAL
• Early made from vacuum tubes and consumes
high power
• Now a days, these are linear Integrated Circuits
and consumes less power

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 Symbols and Terminals
• It has two inputs
▫ (-) inverting input
▫ (+) non-inverting input
• Typically, operates with two power supplies
▫ One positive and other negative

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 Ideal Op-Amp
• Infinite Voltage gain
• Infinite bandwidth
• Infinite input impedance (open)
• Zero output impedance
▫ Input is applied between the two terminals
▫ Av is the voltage gain

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 Practical Op-Amp
• Op Amp has both voltage and current limitations
as the case with all the devices
▫ Peak-to-peak output voltage is usually limited to
slightly less than the two power supplies
• Practical Op-Amp
▫ Very high voltage gain
▫ Very high Input impedance
▫ Very low output impedance
▫ Wide bandwidth

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Internal block diagram

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 Differential Amplifier
• Amplifies the difference between the two signals
applied to the inputs
▫ The first stage of an Op-Amp is a differential
amplifier

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Modes of Operation
• There are three modes of operation for a
differential amplifier
▫ Single – Ended mode
▫ Differential or Double ended
▫ Common Mode

• Since the input stage of an Op amp is a

differential amplifier
▫ Op-Amp has the same input modes

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Single-Ended Mode
• One input is grounded
• Signal is applied to the other input
• When the signal is applied to the inverting input,
the output is inverted and amplified
• When the signal is applied to the non-inverting
input, the output is amplified but not inverted

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Differential Mode
• Two opposite polarity signals are applied to the
inputs
• The amplified difference between the inputs
appears at the output
• Also called double ended

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Common Mode
• Two signal voltages of the same frequency, phase
and amplitude are applied to the two inputs
• They cancel each other and the out put is zero
• The action is called
▫ COMMOM MODE REJECTION
▫ An unwanted signal appears at both the inputs
▫ But it will not appear at the output
▫ Unwanted signal-noise

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 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• The ability of an amplifier to reject the common
unwanted signals is called the CMRR
• Zero gain for the unwanted noisy signals

Institute of Space Technology Communication Systems Engineering Department

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 Op Amp 741

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 Inverting Amplifier
• Open loop gain may be very high i.e. 1,000,000
• Of no use as it is unstable
▫ Only a very small input produces very high input
▫ Noise
▫ 1mv input produces 1mv x 1,000,000 = 1,000 V
▫ Means the Op Amp can easily be saturated by
noise
▫ We can compromise some gain to achieve the
stability

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 Inverting Amplifier
• Some portion of the output is fed back via feedback
resistor Rf to the inverting input introducing a negative
feed back
• Input signal is now the sum of the actual input signal
and the some portion of the inverted output
• The gain of the amplifier is now called closed loop gain

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 Inverting Amplifiers
• Two important facts to remember
▫ No input current flows into the terminal
▫ And V1 = V2
▫ They are at the same potential

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 Closed loop gain
 Closed loop gain is given as

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 Example
• Find the closed loop gain

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 Non Inverting Amplifier

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 Voltage gain

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 Voltage Follower
• Unity gain buffer

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 Summing Amplifier

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 Example

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 Differential Amplifier

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 Integrator

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 Differentiator

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