PRESENTATION

• TOPIC:

CARBON FIBRE(VAPOR GROWN AND

NANOTUBES)
PRESENTED BY:
Muhammad Muddaser Sharif
(07-NTU-087)
CARBON FIBRE
History:
• In 1958, Dr. Roger Bacon created high-
performance carbon fibers at the Union
Carbide Parma Technical Center, located
outside of Cleveland, Ohio.

• Those fibers were manufactured by

heating strands of rayon until they
carbonized.

• This process proved to be inefficient, as

the resulting fibers contained only about
20% carbon and had low strength and
stiffness properties.
• In the early 1960s, a process was developed using
polyacrylonitrile(PAN) as a raw material. This had produced a
carbon fiber that contained about 55% carbon.
Introduction:
• Carbon fiber (carbon fibre), also
known as, carbon graphite or CF.

• A material consisting of
extremely thin fibers about
0.005–0.010 mm in diameter
and composed mostly of carbon
atoms

• The density of carbon fiber is

also considerably lower than the
density of steel
•The carbon atoms are bonded together in
microscopic crystals that are more or less
aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber.

•Carbon fibre has a tensile strength almost 3

times greater than that of steel
•Carbon fiber has many different weave
patterns and can be combined with a
plastic resin and wound or molded to form
composite materials such as carbon fiber
reinforced plastic (also referenced as
carbon fiber) to provide a high strength-to-
weight ratio material.
 PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBRE
• Carbon fibers are the closest to asbestos in a
number of properties.

• Each carbon filament thread is a bundle of many

thousand carbon filaments.

• Carbon fiber may be turbostratic or graphitic, or

have a hybrid structure with Both graphitic and
turbostratic parts present.
• In turbostratic,carbon fiber the sheets of carbon atoms are
haphazardly folded, or crumpled, together.

• Carbon fibers derived from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are

turbostratic, whereas carbon fibers derived from mesophase
pitch are graphitic after heat treatment at temperatures
exceeding 2200 C.
• The carbon fiber has

i. high tensile strength,

ii. low weight, and
iii. low thermal expansion

A carbon fibre tensile failure

• Carbon fiber is very strong when stretched or bent, but
weak when compressed or exposed to high shock

• It is relatively expensive when compared to similar

materials such as fiberglass or plastic
• Its tensile strength 3.50, density is 1.75, specific strength
2.00.

• Physical properties of carbon fibre and other composites

include its resistance to corrosion, fire and  high stress
tolerance levels as well as its chemical inertness
• Carbon fibers are the closest to asbestos in a
number of properties

• A single such filament is a thin tube with a

diameter of 5–8 micrometers

• Fibers have high Young's modulus and high

thermal conductivity

A 6 μm diameter carbon filament

(running from bottom left to top right)
compared to a human hair.
 COMPOSITION
• The atomic structure of carbon
fiber is similar to that of
graphite, consisting of sheets
of carbon atoms (graphene
sheets) arranged in a regular
hexagonal pattern.

• This is a very strange thing to

find, seeing as graphite is fairly
soft and flakey, whereas carbon
fibre is strong and requires
large forces to fracture.
• Graphite is a crystalline material in which the sheets are
stacked parallel to one another in regular fashion.

• They are both brittle and, importantly, both are chemically

inert and therefore unreactive

• It also explains how at very high temperatures of 2500oC,

carbon fibre can be directly converted into graphite
• The raw material used to make carbon fiber is called the
precursor.

• About 90% of the carbon fibers produced are made

from polyacrylonitrile.

• The remaining 10% are made from rayon or petroleum

pitch. All of these materials are organic polymers
TYPES OF CARBON FIBRES
• There are two major types of carbon fiber that can be produced. Carbon
fibre can be either

PITCH based
or

PAN based
VAPOUR GROWN CARBON FIBRE
 INTRODUCTION
• The fibre were first identified in 1890.

• Vapour grown fibres typically have a hollow

centre and multiple walls,which are arranged
like tree rings
• In the recent years, the demand for composite material
has grown in many directions.

• Composites are used for purposes such as mechanical

enhancement and weight savings.

• Vapour grown carbon fibre used as reinforcement for

thermoplastic matrices have application as stiffness and
thermal stability.
• VGCF s are produced by conventional vapour grown
carbon method

• This method is based on catalyic decomposition of

hydrocarbons in the vapour phase.

• VGCFs have circular cross sections, with outer dia

varying from 50nm to 10um.
PROPERTIES OF VAPOUR GROWN CARBON
FIBRE(VGCF)
 Their unique structure gives them properties like
high tensile strength and high modulus

 They posses low electrical resistivity and high

thermal conductivity.
 COMPOSITION

• Vapour-grown carbon fibres are formed by

depositing layers of carbon from hydrocarbon
pyrolysis on precursors of filamentous carbon

• The composites are carbonized at 1000°C by applying

the isostatic pressure

• Throughout the carbonization process and further

heat treated at different temperatures up to 2500°C
in the inert atmosphere.
• By applying iso-static pressure one can able to
developed VGCF based C/C composites possessing
the very high bulk density (1.80 g/cm3) and apparent
density (2.01 g/cm3) only by heat treatment up to
2500°C without any densification cycle.
 CARBON NANO FIBRE

Another type in the field of Carbon fiber is

Carbon Nanofibers.
 INTRODUCTION:

• They were first discovered in 1991

• Carbon nanotubes have dia of range 4 to 50

nanometers and length of several micrometers
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as Bucky tubes) are
allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure

• Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter

ratio of up to 132,000,000:1
• Their name is derived from their size

• Since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of

a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the
width of a human hair)

• The fibres had well defined multiple walls which

make them stiff and strong.
• In 1993, Iijma and Bethune, simultaneously
discovered that when metal were introduced to
carbon arc,single wall carbon nanotubes were made

• Single wall nanotubes have dia of about 1.5nm and

have infinite length
 PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES
Carbon nanofibers

• They are cylindric nanostructures with graphene layers

arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates.

• Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect

cylinders are called carbon nanotubes.
• They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical
properties, and are efficient thermal conductors

• Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet

discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus
respectively.
• Carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3
to 1.4 g·cm−3,

•its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN·m·kg−1

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF NANOTUBES

 Synthesis of CNFs
 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have been
synthesized by co-catalyst deoxidization
process by a reaction between C2H5OC2H5,
Zn and Fe powder at 650 °C for 10 h.

 These nanofibers exhibit diameters of 80 nm

and lengths ranging from several
micrometers to tens of micrometers.

 X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and

high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy indicate that as-prepared CNFs
possess low graphitic crystallinity.
• The resultant CNFs as electrode shows capacity of 220 mAh/g
and high reversibility with little hysteresis in the insertion reactions
of lithium-ion. In addition, the possible growth of CNFs is
discussed.
 Applications of CNFs
Structural

 Because of the carbon nanotube's mechanical properties, they

are used in everyday items like clothes and sports gear to
combat jackets and space elevators.

 The space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon

nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon
nanotubes can still be greatly improved.

 Ray H. Baughman at the NanoTech Institute has shown that

single and multi-walled nanotubes can produce materials with
toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds.
In electrical circuits

 Nanotube based transistors have been made that operate at

room temperature and that are capable of digital switching
using a single electron.
As paper batteries

 A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin

sheet of cellulose (which is the major constituent of regular
paper, among other things) infused with aligned carbon
nanotubes.

 The nanotubes act as electrodes; allowing the storage

devices to conduct electricity.
Solar cells

 Solar cells developed at the New Jersey Institute of

Technology are formed by a mixture of carbon nanotubes
and carbon buckyballs (known as fullerenes) to form snake-
like structures.

 Bucky balls capture solar energy and Nanotubes, behaving

like copper wires, will then be able to make the electrons or
current flow.
 Carbon Fiber Applications
•Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce
composite materials, particularly the class of materials
known as Carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers.

• Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix

for carbon fibers. Due to the formation of metal carbides
and corrosion considerations, carbon has seen limited
success in metal matrix composite applications.
• Molding a thin layer of carbon fibers
significantly improves fire resistance of
polymers or thermoset composites because a
dense, compact layer of carbon fibers
efficiently reflects heat.
• Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) consists of carbon
fiber-reinforced graphite, and is used structurally in
high-temperature applications.

• The fiber also finds use in filtration of high-

temperature gasses, as an electrode with high
surface area and impeccable corrosion resistance,
and as an anti-static component
GFRP: glass fibre reinforced polymer
CFRP: Carbon fibre reinforced polymer
 USES
• Sports cars
They are used because
Of their strength and
stiffness
They are also electrical and thermal conductors and
they have good tensile modulus

• Radio controlled cars

• Planes and aircrafts

• Musical instruments
•Portable power

•Rechargeable batteries and fuel

cell electrodes
•Energy production; windmill
blades

•Building and construction

materials: concrete and asphalt
reinforcements, soil erosion
barriers
• Carbon fibre are
used in sport shoes
because they are
light weighted and
stiff
• Tennis is a hard sport
requiring big
quantity of motion. Rackets
that use Carbon Fibers can be
by far lighter than those that
use wood or metal and can
reduce burden on players
 CARBON fiber are used to make weapons specially gun
because it has such low mass it retains far less heat.
Several thousand carbon fibers are
twisted together to form a yarn ,
which may be used by itself or
woven into a fabric.
Carbon fibre is also used for casing of mobiles, laptop,
ipods etc
 Special Features of CarbonFiber
Usage Utilized

Fishing Goods Fishing Rods, Reels Light in

Weight Rigidity Sensitivity

Golf Goods Golf Club Shafts, Club Heads, Face Light in

Plate Weight Rigidity Sensitivity

Rackets Tennis Rackets, Badminton Rackets,

Squash Rackets Light in Vibration
Weight Rigidity Stability

Marine Yachts, Sail Boats, Cruisers, Athletic

Rowing Boats, Canoes, Sail Masts Light in Rigidity -
Weight

Others Baseball Bats, Skis, Hockey Sticks, Ski

Stocks, Bamboo Swords, Japanese
Type Bows, Archery Bows, Radio-
control Cars, Table Tennis, Billiards, Light in
Gate-balls Weight Rigidity -
 THANK YOU
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