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O A Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-
clock-driven, register-
register-
based electronic device that reads binary instruction from a storage device
called memory, accepts binary data as input, process this input data
according to the instruction that have been read and then provides results
obtained from this processing as output.

O So microprocessor is a programmable device that has computing and

decision--making capability. Hence it plays a significant role in the
decision
functionality of industrial societies.

O This programmable logic device can be used to control various processes

and devices. The products that use microprocessor for controlling its
various processes are called p




  




O chen microprocessor is used in the embedded form of a larger system and

it works as the central processing unit of a computer ,then it is called
microcomputer .The communications and operations in the microprocessors
are based on the binary numbers via 0,1.These are called Bits.
›ach microprocessor have a fixed set of instructions which have different
binary patterns .This fixed set of instructions is called •
   
of a microprocessor .These binary instructions are given some abbreviated
names so that human being can easily understand and use the instructions.
These abbreviated names are called ••
 and the complete Set of
mnemonics of a microprocessor is called its •  
•  ..
O The definition of a microprocessor as illustrated above can be shown
diagrammatically in figure 1.1.
O Thus microprocessor is a device that can be instructed to perform some
given task within its capability. The memory is like the pages of a notebook
which is used to store the instructions given by the user. The user gives the
instructions as well as data (on which the instructions have to be operated)
using the input devices which are stored in the memory. The input devices
can be a keyboard or simple switches. After getting the input from user
microprocessor reads the instructions from the memory and processes data
according to these instructions .The result is then displayed using an output
device. The output device here can be any seven -segment displays which
uses L› s (Light ›mitting iodes) or printer.
 

  
 
O Here we will discuss the internal architecture of Intel 8086 microprocessor.
It was first 16-
16-bit microprocessor developed by Intel Company in 1976. It is
called 16-
16-bit microprocessor because it has 16-
16-bit data bus. However it has
20--bit address bus. Because of this large size of address bus it can address
20
up 1MB of memory.

O After the development of 8086 microprocessor, Intel launch a series of

86ƞs microprocessor like 80186, 80286, 80486 etc. chich are 32-
32-bits
processors. This microprocessor is very fast as compared to the old ones,
as microprocessor chey have reduced the CPU idle time in system. These
microprocessor can execute can execute the instructions in the speed range
of thousand operations per second.

O A microprocessor execute a program by performing the following

activities again and again -
(a) Fetch the next instruction from memory
(b) Read operand
(c) ›xecute instruction
(d) crite result
O In the microprocessor before Intel 8086, these steps were performing serially. But
the architecture of 8086 performs these steps by allocating them to separate
processing units .These are:-
are:-

1. ›xecution unit (›U)

2. Bus Interface unit (BIU)

is the unit which executes the instructions 


› 
  is
unit has the responsibilities of fetching instructions, read operands, writing
 
unit
 

result.

These two units operate independently and in most of circumstances are

able to extensively overlap instruction with fetch executions operation. In these
cases, the times normally required to fetch instructions disappears because of the
execution unit executing instructions that have already been fetched by the BIU.
However it must be noted that execution unit has no connection with the
system bus. It obtains instructions from queue maintained by the BIU.
Similarly, when an instruction requires access to memory or to a peripheral
device, the ›U requests the BIU to obtain or store the data. ›xecution unit
manipulate the addresses in only 16-
16-bit wide .Then BIU performs the
address relocation which gives the ›U access to the full megabyte of
memory space.
So BIU performs all the bus operations for the ›U. Upon the demand of ›U
it serves the data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices. BIU also
have an internal RAM array called | 
  • uring the
time when ›U is busy in executing the instructions, BIU fetches more
instructions from the memory and store these instruction stream queue.
This queue can store up to 6 instruction bytes at a time.
ºarious memory registers in an 8086 microprocessor can be divided into
following categories.

1. General Purpose Registers

2. Pointer registers
3. Segment Registers
8086 microprocessor also have some of flags. All these will be
explained in detail now.
 JJ    
ºarious general purposes registers are-
are-
(i) Accumulator Register (AX)
(ii) Base Register (BX)
(iii) Counter Register (CX)
(iv) ata Register ( X)

These registers are 16-

16-bit registers. They can either work as 16
16-- bit registers
or as two 8-
8-bit registers as shown below-
below-

p   ! is usually constantly changing throughout any program. This

is considered to be one of the most useful register ,8086 also have some other hard-
hard-
wired connection of AX with other registers like the XLAT (transaction) instruction of
register BX uses AL. The division ,multiplication of X also uses AL. The instructions
for coping part of the flags registers to / from AH are also available.

"››|› - BX is mainly used for general storage, but it can also be used
for accessing memory. It is the only general purpose registers that can also works as
a pointer .However unlike SI and I registers, it does not work with rep prefix.
 #››|›  CX is mainly used for general storage , but in
addition to this it can also be used as an iteration counter .The Rep prefix,
loop instruction shift and rotate instructions all take counts passed in CX.

$›|› $! is truly used as data storage register only . X is

$›|›
also used in division instructions .After 16 -bit division, the remainder is
placed in X. The X registers also used with AL register and the in/out
instructions to specify the port number