Cgi

How It Works
The Web is usually accessed through a browser.

• Netscape
• Mozilla
• Internet Explorer etc.,
Information Science and Engineering 2

The browser connects to
www.example.com using port 80,
the port that the server operating system opens for such HTTP requests.
Serving Data to Client :

1. Serving Up Static Data
2. Serving Up Dynamic Data
3. Serving Up Content with Embedded HTML
1. Serving Up Static Data

1. Serving Up Dynamic Data

1. Serving Up Content with Embedded HTML

Apache Web Server
Server served up via the
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) by an httpd daemon
The "d" at the end means daemon, programs that are always running in
the background.
The daemon is called apache instead of httpd
Apache Explained www.example.com/content/chapt
er1/
GET /content/chapter1/ HTTP/1.0

Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Apache http://localhost/

# ps ax | grep httpd
1922 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
# /etc/init.d/httpd start
# /etc/init.d/httpd status
httpd (pid 1937 1935 1933 1932 1930 1929 1928 1927
1922) is running...
# /etc/init.d/httpd stop
# /etc/init.d/httpd start # /etc/init.d/httpd graceful

# chkconfig --list httpd
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
If you do not see output indicating that 3, 4, and 5 are on,
turn them on:
# chkconfig httpd on
# chkconfig --list httpd
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

Configuration
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Modifying the Default Configuration

ServerAdmin root@webserver.example.com
to:
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com
Apache logs every hit to the webserver
• The client (Web surfer) IP address

• The date
• The URI requested (all the stuff after www.example.com/)
• The referer
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/logs/access_log common

to:
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/logs/access_log combined
Other options include
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/logs/access_log agent
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/logs/access_log referer

Securing Apache
Set User and Group
User apache
Group apache
Remove Online Manuals

# mv /var/www/html/manual /usr/doc/apache-1.3.24/
Consider Allowing Access to Local Documentation

Alias /doc/ /usr/share/doc/
<Location /doc>
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from localhost .localdomain
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
</Location>
Don't Allow public_html Web Sites (Unless You Want
To)
UserDir public_html
UserDir disabled

.htaccess
AccessFileName .htaccess
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
</Files>
Remove server-status and server-info

#<Location /server-status> #<Location /server-info>
# SetHandler server-status # SetHandler server-info
# Order deny,allow # Order deny,allow
# Deny from all # Deny from all
# Allow from .your_domain.com # Allow from .your_domain.com
#</Location> #</Location>

Don't Be a Proxy Server Unless You Want to Be
#LoadModule proxy_module modules/libproxy.so
and:
#AddModule mod_proxy.c
and:
#<IfModule mod_proxy.c>
#ProxyRequests On
#
#<Directory proxy:*>
# Order deny,allow
# Deny from all
# Allow from .your_domain.com
#</Directory>
#
# Enable/disable the handling of HTTP/1.1 "Via:" headers.
# ("Full" adds the server version; "Block" removes
# all outgoing Via: headers)
# Set to one of: Off | On | Full | Block
#
#ProxyVia On
#
# To enable the cache as well, edit and uncomment
# the following lines:
# (no caching without CacheRoot)
#
#CacheRoot "/var/cache/httpd"
#CacheSize 5
#CacheGcInterval 4
#CacheMaxExpire 24
#CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.1
#CacheDefaultExpire 1
#NoCache a_domain.com another_domain.edu joes.garage_sale.com
#</IfModule>
Disable CGI Programs
# chmod -x /var/www/cgi-bin/*
remove them:
# rm -rf /var/www/cgi-bin/*
Creating Them Yourself

<html>
<head>
<title>
This is my first HTML program
</title>
</head>
<body>
hello, world
</body>
</html>
$ chmod a+r /var/www/html/index.html

MySQL
MySQL is an Open Source (GPL) Standard Query Language (SQL)
database that is fast, reliable, easy to use, and suitable for
applications of any size.
MySQL can easily be integrated into Perl programs by using the
Perl DBI (DataBase Independent interface) module.
DBI is an Application Program Interface (API) that allows Perl to

connect to and query a number of SQL databases
How to Login :
$ mysql -u root
ERROR 2002: Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket
´/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock´(2)
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your

MySQL connection id is 3 to server version: 3.23.36 Type ´help;´ or ´\h´
for help. Type ´\c´ to clear the buffer
mysql>
# chkconfig mysqld on
# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
$ mysql -u root
SHOW DATABASES and CREATE DATABASE Commands
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+------------+
| Database |
+------------+
| mysql |
| sit |
| test |
+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> CREATE DATABASE people;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+------------+
| Database |
+------------+
| mysql |
| people |
| sit |
| test |
+-------------+
ls -l /var/lib/mysql
total 3
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 1024 Dec 12 15:28 mysql
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Dec 13 07:19 mysql.sock
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 1024 Dec 13 07:24 people
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 1024 Dec 12 15:28 test

The CREATE TABLE and SHOW TABLES Commands
mysql> CREATE TABLE age_information (

-> lastname CHAR(20),
-> firstname CHAR(20),
-> age INT
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
# ls -l /var/lib/mysql/people
total 10
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 8618 Dec 13 07:24 age_information.frm
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 0 Dec 13 07:24 age_information.MYD
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 1024 Dec 13 07:24 age_information.MYI

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+------------------------+
| Tables_in_people |
+------------------------+
| age_information |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Data Types
TINYINT -128 to 127 (signed) or 0 to 255 (unsigned)
SMALLINT -32768 to 32767 (signed) or 0 to 65535 (unsigned)
MEDIUMINT -8388608 to 8388607 (signed) or 0 to 16777215 (unsigned)
INTEGER (same as INT) -2147483648 to 2147483647 (signed) or 0 to 4294967295

(unsigned)
BIGINT -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 (signed)
or 0 to 18446744073709551615 (unsigned)
Real Type :
FLOAT
DOUBLE
REAL (same as DOUBLE)
DECIMAL
NUMERIC (same as DECIMAL)
Character Data Type :
VARCHAR variable-length string up to 255 characters
TINYBLOB maximum length 255 characters

TINYTEXT
BLOB maximum length 65535 characters
TEXT
MEDIUMBLOB maximum length 16777215 characters
MEDIUMTEXT
LONGBLOB maximum length 4294967295 characters
LONGTEXT
DATE YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDDHHMMSS or YYMMDDHHMMSS or
YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD
TIME HH:MM:SS
YEAR YYYY or YY

The DESCRIBE Command
mysql> DESCRIBE age_information;

+------------+------------+-------+-----+---------+----------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+------------+-------+-----+---------+----------+
| lastname | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| firstname | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+------------+-------+-----+---------+----------+
OR
SHOW COLUMNS FROM age_information;

The INSERT Command
mysql> INSERT INTO age_information
-> (lastname, firstname, age)
-> VALUES (´Shrinivasacharya´ , ´Purohit´ , 30);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
The SELECT Command

mysql> SELECT * FROM age_information;
+------------------------+-------------+------+
| lastname | firstname | age |
+------------------------+-------------+------+
| Shrinivasacharya | Purohit | 30 |
+------------------------+-------------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ORDER BY <column name >
SELECT <column names> FROM <table name> ORDER BY <column

name> ;
-DESC to show descending order
SELECT <column names> FROM <table name> WHERE <cond> ;
The UPDATE Command

UPDATE <table name> SET <column name> = <value> WHERE <cond>;
SET <column name> = <column name> OP <value>
The DELETE Command

DELETE FROM <table name> WHERE <cond> ;

Change Password
# mysqladmin password xyz
$ mysql -u root -p
mysql> USE mysql;
Grant Command
mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE
-> ON people.*
-> TO apache@localhost
-> IDENTIFIED BY ´password´;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

• Perl is a stable, cross platform programming language.
• Perl is Open Source software
• Perl was created by Larry Wall.
• Perl takes the best features from other languages, such as C, awk,
sed, sh, and BASIC, among others.
• Perls database integration interface (DBI) supports third-party
databases including Oracle, Sybase, Postgres, MySQL and others.
• Perl works with HTML, XML, and other mark-up languages.
• Perl supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.
• The Perl interpreter can be embedded into other systems.
• Perl is the most popular web programming language due to its text
manipulation capabilities and rapid development cycle.

A First Perl Program
Example 1:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : hello.pl
print "hello, world!\n ";
$ chmod a+x hello.pl
$ ./hello.pl
Example 2:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : simpleadd.pl
$a = 5;
$b = 6;
$c = $a + $b;
print "\$c is now: $c\n";

Declaring Variables with use strict
Example 3:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : useVar.pl
$abc=100;
print “The value of abc : $ab\n ";
use strict;
my $abc
OR
my($a, $b, $c);

Variables
Integers:
• Decimal: 10 -2884 2_248_188 The underscore can be used to
chunk numbers for ease of reading, but don't use the usual
comma format, as in 2,248,188, because that means
something completely different.
• Octal: 037 04214
• Hexadecimal: 0x25 0xaB80
Strings :
• Single quotes : ´hello world´
• Double quotes : “hello World”
Floats:
• Standard: 7.1 .8 9.
• Scientific: 3.4E-34 -8.023e43
Array :
• @data = (´Joe´, 39, "Test data", 49.3);
• my @data = (´Joe´, 39, "Test data", 49.3);

Example 4:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
#file name : array1.pl
use strict;
my @data = (´Joe´, 39, "Test data", 49.3);
print "Within double quotes: @data\n";
print "Outside any quotes: ", @data, "\n";
print ´Within single quotes: @data´, "\n";
Output :
Within double quotes: Joe 39 Test data 49.3

Outside any quotes: Joe39Test data49.3
Within single quotes: @data

Example 5:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : array2.pl
use strict;
my @data = (´Joe´, 39, ´Test data´, 49.3);
print "element 0: $data[0]\n";
Output :
element 0: Joe
element 1: 39
element 2: Test data
element 3: 49.3
$#array_name it prints last index of the array

Array Functions
• push() function adds elements to the right.
• pop() removes the rightmost element.
• unshift() function adds elements to the left.
• shift() removes the leftmost element.
Example 6:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name: pushpop.pl
use strict;
my @a = (2, 4, 6, 8);
print "before: @a\n";
push(@a, 10, 12); #unshift(@a,10,12);
print "after push: @a\n";
my $element = pop(@a); #my $element=shift(@a);
print "after pop: @a\n";
print "element popped: $element\n";
Output :
before: 2 4 6 8 before: 2 4 6 8
after push: 2 4 6 8 10 12 after push: 10 12 2 4 6 8
after pop: 2 4 6 8 10 after pop: 12 2 4 6 8
element popped: 12 element popped: 10
• short() function sorts lists.
• reverse() function reverses lists .
• unshift() function adds elements to the left.
• shift() removes the leftmost element.
Example 7:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : sortreverse.pl
use strict;
my @a = (´hello´, ´world´, ´good´, ´riddance´);
print "before: @a\n";
my @b = sort(@a);
print "sorted: @b\n";
@b = reverse(@a);
print "reversed: @b\n";
Output :
before: hello world good riddance
sorted: good hello riddance world
reversed: riddance good world hello

Hash Variables %person = (
name => ´Purohit´,
age => 30,
phone => ´555-1212´,
address => ´SIT.´,
city => ´Tumkur´,
state => ´KA´,
zip => ´572103´ );
Example 8:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : hash1.pl
use strict;
my %person = (name => ´Purohit´, age => 28, phone => ´9448176001´,
address => ´SIT.´, city => ´Tumkur´, state => ´KARNATAKA´,
zip => ´572103´ );
print "$person{name} lives in $person{state}\n";
print "$person{name} is $person{age} years old\n";
Output :
Purohit lives in KARNATAKA
Purohit is 30 years old
Hash Functions
my @k = keys(%person);
{ state zip address city phone age name }
Operators
Arithmetic Meaning
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus
exponentiation
**

Example 9:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : operators.pl
use strict;
my $i = 10;
my $j = 4;
print ´$i + $j = ´, $i + $j, "\n";
print ´$i * $j = ´, $i * $j, "\n";
print ´$i / $j = ´, $i / $j, "\n";
print ´$i % $j = ´, $i % $j, "\n";
print ´$i ** $j = ´, $i ** $j, "\n";
Output :
$i + $j = 14
$i * $j = 40
$i / $j = 2.5
$i % $j = 2
$i ** $j = 10000

. string concatenation
x string replication
Example 10:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : string.pl
use strict;
my $a = ´hello´;
my $b = ´world´;
my $msg = $a . ´ ´. $b;
print "\$msg : $msg\n";
$a = ´hi´;
$b = $a x 2;
my $c = $a x 5;
print "\$b : $b\n";
print "\$c : $c\n";
Output :
$msg : hello world
$b : hihi
$c : hihihihihi

Numerical Comparison
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
<=> Compare
< less than
Example 11:
if ($i < 10)
{
print "\$i is less than 10\n";
}
if ($j >= 20)
{
print "\$j is greater than or equal to 20\n";
}
String Comparison
le less than or equal to
gt greater than
ge greater than or equal to
eq equivalent to
ne not equal to
cmp Compare
lt less than
if ($name gt ´Purohit´)
{ print "$name comes after Purohit alphabetically\n"; }
if ($language ne ´Perl´)
{ print “It is C or JAVA.\n"; }

Increment and Decrement
++ Auto Increment  $X++;
-- Auto Decrement  $X--;
Example 12:
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : increment.pl
use strict;
my $i = 10;
my $j = ++$i;
print "\$i = $i, \$j = $j\n";
$i = 10;
$j = $i++;
print "\$i = $i, \$j = $j\n";

Logical Operators
|| logical or
! logical not
and logical and
or logical or
not logical not
&& logical and
if ($i >= 0 && $i <= 100)

{ print "\$i is between 0 and 100\n"; }
if ($answer eq ý´ or $answer eq Ý´)

{ print "\$answer" equals ý´ or Ý´\n"; }

Conditional and Looping Constructs
if (condition)
{ statements }
else
{ statements }
if (condition1)
{ statements }
elsif (condition2)
{ statements }
else
{ statements }
while (condition)
{
statements
}

Examples :
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 5)
{ print "the value is: $i\n";
$i++;
}
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file: whilearray.pl
use strict;
my @names = (´Joe´, Ćharlie´, ´Sue´, ´Mary´);
my $i = 0;
while ($i <= $#names)
{
print "Element $i is $names[$i]\n";
$i++;
}

#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file: whilehash.pl
use strict;
my %capitals = (
Illinois => ´Springfield´,
California => ´Sacramento´,
Texas => Áustin´,
Wisconsin => ´Madison´,
Michigan => ´Lansing´
);
my @sk = sort(keys(%capitals)); my $i = 0;
while ($i <= $#sk)
{
print "$sk[$i]: \t$capitals{$sk[$i]}\n";
$i++;
}
Output :
California: Sacramento
Illinois: Springfield
Michigan: Lansing
Texas: Austin
Wisconsin: Madison Information Science and Engineering 44
for (init_expression; condition; step_expression)
{
statements
}
for ($i = 0; $i <= $#names; $i++)
{
print "Element $i is $names[$i]\n";
}
foreach scalar_variable (list)

{
statements
}
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file name : foreach1.pl
use strict; my @a = (2, 4, 6, 8);
foreach my $i (@a)
{
print $i, ´ ** ´, $i, ´ = ´, $i ** $i, "\n";
}
Output :
2 ** 2 = 4
4 ** 4 = 256
6 ** 6 = 46656
8 ** 8 = 16777216

Functions
sub <function_name >
{
# body
}
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file: function1.pl
sub say_hello
{
print "hello, world!\n";
}
say_hello();

Return Values
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# file: return1.pl
sub test1
{
$a = 10; $b = 11;
$a + $b; # return ($a+$b);
}
sub test2
{ @a = (´testing´, óne´, ´two´, ´three´);
sort(@a);
}
$c = test1();
print "\$c = $c\n";
@b = test2();
print "\@b = @b\n";

Function Arguments
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file: printargs1.pl
use strict;
sub print_args
{ my $i = 0;
while ($i <= $#_)
{
print "arg $i: $_[$i]\n";
$i++;
}
}
my $num = 10;
my $name = ´Purohit´;
print_args($num, $name, 3.14159, ´hello, world!´);

#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# printargs2.pl
use strict;
sub print_args_2
{
my($a, $b, $c) = @_;
print "\$a is: $a\n";
print "\$b is: $b\n";
print "\$c is: $c\n";
}
my $num = 10;
my $name = ´Purohit´;
print_args_2($num, $name, 3.14159);
Output :
$a is: 10
$b is: Purohit
$c is: 3.14159

File I/O
Reading from a File
open FH, ´< file name´;
if (! open (FH, ´<filename´))

{
die "Can't open filename: $!";
}
open(FH, ´< filename´) or die "Can't open filename";
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file: file1.pl
use strict;
my $line;
open (FH, ´<test.txt´) or die "Can't open test.txt: $!";
while ($line = <FH>)
{
print "Line is: $line"; #@all_lines = <FH>;
}
close (FH);
my $i = 0;
while ($i <= $#all_lines)
{
print "Line is: $all_lines[$i]";
$i++;
}
Writing to a File
#! /usr/bin/perl -w
# file3.pl
use strict;
my $line;
open (FH, ´ >output.txt´) or die "Can't open output.txt: $!";
while ($line = <STDIN>)
{
print FH "You entered: $line";
}
close (FH);

Operating System Calls
system ´/bin/ls´;

Apache Configuration /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/var/www/cgi-bin/"
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin">
AllowOverride None
Options None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory> # /etc/init.d/httpd graceful
OR
Service httpd restart
CGI Programming :
#!/usr/bin/perl
# first.cgi
print "Content-type: text/plain\n";
print "\n";
print “This is my first CGI Programming…";
/var/www/cgi-bin/first.cgi
chmod a+rx first.cgi
#!/usr/bin/perl
# second.cgi
print "Content-type: text/plain\n";
print "\n";
print "<b>hello</b>, <i>world</i>!";
#!/usr/bin/perl
# second1.cgi
print "Content-type: text/html\n";
print "\n";
print "<b>hello</b>, <i>world</i>!";

#!/usr/bin/perl
# info.cgi
use strict;
my($host, $date);
chomp($host = `/bin/hostname`);
chomp($date = `/bin/date`);
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print "<html>\n";
print "<head>\n";
print "<title>System Information</title>\n";
print "</head>\n";
print "<body bgcolor=\"#520063\" text=\"#ffffff\">\n";
print "<h1>Hello from $host!</h1>\n";
print "The current time is now: $date\n";
print "</body>\n";
print "</html>\n";

here document
#!/usr/bin/perl
# info2.cgi
use strict;
my($host, $date);
chomp($host = `/bin/hostname`);
chomp($date = `/bin/date`);
print <<EOHTML;
Content-type: text/html
<html>
<head>
<title>System Information</title>
</head> <body bgcolor="#520063" text="#ffffff">
<h1>Hello from $host!</h1>
The current time is now: $date
</body>
</html>
EOHTML

CGI.pm Introduced
use CGI;
OR
use CGI ´:standard´;
#!/usr/bin/perl
# simple.cgi
print header(),
start_html(-title => Á Simple Page´, -bgcolor => ´#ffffff´, -text => ´#520063´),
h1(´Hello, world! again´),
hr(),
´Time to go now...´,
end_html();
$q = new CGI;
print $q->header(),
.
.
$q->hr(),
..

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>A Simple Page</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY TEXT="#520063" BGCOLOR="#ffffff">
<H1>  h1()
<P>  p()
</BODY></HTML>  end_html()
<HR>  hr()
lists  li(), dl(), ul(), dd() etc.,
<BOLD> </BOLD>  b()
print start_html(-title => ´My Title´);

OR
print start_html(´My Title´);

Information Received by the CGI Program
• Client request information

• Path information
• Posted data
Request Information
Client Information :
• remote_host()— the name of the client machine
• user_name()— the name of the user if authenticated
• user_agent()— the browser that the user is surfing with
• referer()— the referer (remember, this is misspelled)
• path_info()— the path information
• query_string()— the query string

Server Information :
• server_name()— the hostname of the webserver
• server_software()— the name of the webserver software
• virtual_host()— the name of the virtual host
• server_port()— the port that the server is using (usually 80)
• script_name()— the name of the script

#! /usr/bin/perl
# info4.cgi
print header(),
start_html(´More System Information´),
h1(Ćlient Information´),
´Here is some information about the client:´,
ul( li(´The remote host: ´, remote_host()),
li(´The user agent: ´, user_agent()),
li(´The referer: ´, referer()) ),
h1(´Server Information´),
´Here is some information about the server:´,
ul( li(´The server name: ´, server_name()),
li(´The server software: ´, server_software()),
li(´The server port: ´, server_port()),
li(´The script name: ´, script_name()) ),
end_html();

Path Information
http://localhost/cgi-bin/messageboard.cgi/webprogramming/19312
$env_path = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || ´´;

OR
$method_path = path_info() || ´´;
#! /usr/bin/perl
# path_info.cgi
use strict;
my $env_path = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || ´ ´;
my $method_path = path_info() || ´ ´;
print header, start_html(-title => ´Path Information´, -bgcolor => ´#ffffff´),
´From %ENV: ´, b($env_path),
br(),
´From path_info(): ´, b($method_path),
end_html();
Processing Posted Form Data
• GET
• POST
<html>
<head> <title>Enter Your Name and Age</title> </head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
<form action="/cgi-bin/nameage.cgi" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="yourname">
<br> Age: <input type="text" name="age"> <br>
<input type="submit" value="Click to Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
http://localhost/cgi-bin/nameage.cgi?yourname=Purohit&age=30

#!/usr/bin/perl
# nameage.cgi
use strict;
my $name = param(ýourname´) || ´Purohit´;
my $age = param(áge´) || 30;
my @params = param();
print header(), start_html(Ýour Name and Age´),
"Hello $name, you are $age years old.",
hr(),
´The parameters entered are: ´, b("@params"),
end_html();

Form Widget Methods
• start_form() — start tag for the form

• textfield() — tag for a text widget
• textarea() — tag for a text area
• radio_group() — tags for a radio button group
• checkbox() — tag for a check box
• popup_menu() — tag for a pop-up menu
• scrolling_list() — tags for a scrolling list box
• submit() — tag for a submit button
• reset() — tag for a reset button
• end_form() — </FORM>

function invocation meaning
startform($method,$action,$encoding) starts a form
starts a form that may contain a file
start_multipart_form($method,$action)
input field
endform() ends a form
textfield(-name=>'field_name', -default=>initial value, -size=>number,
single-line text input field
-maxlength=>number)
textarea(-name=>'field_name', -default=>initial value, -rows=>number,

multi-line text input field
-cols=>number)
password_field(-name=>'field_name', -size=>number,
"password" input field
-maxlength=>number)
filefield(-name=>'field_name', -default=>initial filename) file input field
popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name', -values=>array or hash reference,

select element
-default=>initial selection)
scrolling_list(-name=>'menu_name', -values=>array or hash reference, select element with size larger than
-default=>initial selection(s), -size=>number, -multiple=>'true') 1

checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name', -values=>array or hash group of checkboxes with the
reference, -default=>initial selection(s), -linebreak=>'true') same name
checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name', -checked=>'checked',
a standalone checkbox
-value=>internal value, -label=>visible label)
radio_group(-name=>'group_name', -values=>array or hash reference, group of radio buttons that work

-default=>initial selection(s), -linebreak=>'true') together
submit(-name=>'button_name', -value=>button text) submit button

reset( -value=>button text) reset button
defaults( -value=>button text) reset to original defaults
hidden(-name=>'field_name', -default=>array reference) hidden field
image_button(-name=>'button_name', -src=>image URL,

image submit button
-align=>alignment, -alt=>text, -value=>text)
button element, for client-side

button(-name=>'button_name', -value=>button text, -onClick=>script)
scripting

Database Functions:
$variable=DBI->connect() DBI->connect(´DBI:mysql:’<database name>’ ,

´<username>´, ´<password>´)
$variable1=$variable->prepare() $dbh->prepare(´<MySql query>´)
$variable1->execute()
DBI->errstr() It prints error message
$variable->errstr(),

#! /usr/bin/perl
# Program to display the current contents of the table in a database.
use DBI;
use CGI ':standard';
print header(),
start_html(-title=>"Database Information", -bgcolor=>'#000000', -text=>'#33ff00'),
h1({-align=>'center'}, 'DISPLAY TABLE CONTENTS');
print '-' x 80;
$dbh = DBI->connect('DBI:mysql:people','root',’')
or die "can't connect:" .DBI->errstr();
print b("<pre> USER </pre>");
print '-' x 80;
print b("<pre>NAME AGE</pre>");
print '-' x 80;
$sth = $dbh->prepare('select * from user')
or die "can't prepare:" .$dbh->errstr();
$sth->execute()
or die "can't execute:" .$sth->errstr();
while(($f1, $f2)=$sth->fetchrow())
{
print pre("$f1 $f2");
}
print '-' x 80;
print end_html();
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use DBI;
use strict;
use CGI ':standard';
my $msg;
my $dbh = DBI->connect('DBI:mysql:people', ‘root', ‘')
or die "Can't connect: " . DBI->errstr();
my $fname = param('fname') || ' ';
my $lname = param('lname') || ' ';
my $age = param('age') || ' ';
if( $fname eq ' ' || $age eq ' ‘ )
{
$msg="Incomplete Entry ... Datababse could not be updated !";
}
else
{
my $sth = $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO ageInfo (lname,fname,age)
VALUES(?,?,?)')
or die "Can't prepare SQL: " . $dbh->errstr();
$sth->execute($lname,$fname,$age)
or die "Can't execute SQL: " . $sth->errstr();
$msg="Data Successfully Inserted into People Database";
}
my $sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT * FROM ageInfo') or die "Can't prepare SQL: " .
$dbh->errstr();
$sth->execute() or die "Can't execute SQL: " . $sth->errstr();
print header(),
start_html(-title => "Content of People database",-bgcolor => "#1E90FF" ),
h3($msg),
<<EOHTML;
<h2>Current Name/Age Information from People Database</h2>
<hr><br><br>
<table border="1"><tr>
<th>First Name</th><th>Last Name</th><th>Age</th></tr>
EOHTML
while(($lname,$fname,$age)=$sth->fetchrow())
{
print "<tr><td>$fname</td><td>$lname</td><td>$age</td></tr>\n";
}
$sth->finish();
$dbh->disconnect();

Mysql> CREATE DATABASE people;
Mysql> use people;
Mysql> create table ageInfo (fname char(30), lname char(30), age int );

• Hypertext Preprocessor
• The syntax is similar to Perl
• It has many built-in functions that perform important and common requests
1. <? ... … ?>

Example : <? echo “Hello World! ….."; ?>
2. <?php … … ?>
Example : <?php echo “Hello World!...."; ?>
3. <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="php"> … … </SCRIPT>

Example : <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="php"> echo "hello, world!"; </SCRIPT>
4. <% ... %>

Example : <% echo “ Hello World!..... %>

Program Examples :
$ mkdir /var/www/html/php
$ chmod a+rx /var/www/html/php
$ cd /var/www/html/php
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello, world! with PHP</title>
</head>
<? echo "hello, world!" ?> #<? phpinfo() ?>
</body>
</html>

<?
$title = "PHP is cool";
echo "<title> $title </title>";
?>
<? // comment line or /* …… */

if ($num > 10)
echo "\$num is greater than 10";
if ($name == “Purohit")
{
echo "You say your name is Purohit";
echo "Are you sure that is your name?";
}
?>

<? // assign some variables the different data types
$integer = 12;
$float1 = 1.345e23;
$float2 = 4995.392;
$string1 = ´My favorite number is $integer´;
$string2 = "I am this big: $float1 or $float2"; ?>
<html> <head> <title>Integers, Floats and Strings in PHP</title>
</head>
Integer: <b><? echo $integer; ?></b><br>
Float 1: <b><? echo $float1; ?></b> <br>
Float 2: <b><? echo $float2; ?></b> <br>
String 1: <b><? echo $string1; ?></b><br>
String 2: <b><? echo $string2; ?></b>
</body>
</html>

Arrays
• Enumerated Arrays
• Associative Arrays
<?
$a = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
echo $a[0]; // echoes 2
$b = array(“CSE", “ISE", “MCA");
echo $b[1]; // echos ISE
?>
<?
$capital["Illinois"] = "Springfield";
$capital["California"] = "Sacramento";
$capital["Texas"] = "Austin";
$capital["Wisconsin"] = "Madison";
$state = "Illinois";
echo "$state: $capital[$state]"; // echoes "Illinois: Springfield"
?>

OR
<?
$capital = array( "Illinois" => "Springfield",
"California" => "Sacramento",
"Texas" => "Austin",
"Wisconsin" => "Madison" );
$state = "Illinois";
echo "$state: $capital[$state]"; // echoes "Illinois: Springfield"
?>
Web Variables
<Directory /var/www/html/php>
php_flag register_globals Off
</Directory>
Pre–PHP Version 4.1.0

$HTTP_GET_VARS $HTTP_GET_VARS[“name“]
$HTTP_POST_VARS $HTTP_POST_VARS[“name“]
<html>
<head> <title>PHP Form 1 Result</title> </head>
Using $var1: <b> <? echo $var1; ?> </b> <br>
Using $var2: <b> <? echo $var2; ?> </b> <br>
Using $HTTP_GET_VARS:
<b><? echo $HTTP_GET_VARS["var1"]; ?> </b>,
<b> <? echo $HTTP_GET_VARS["var2"]; ?> </b>
</body>
</html>
Post–Version 4.1.0
•$_GET — an array of the data sent with GET (replaces $HTTP_GET_VARS)
•$_POST — an array of the data sent with POST (replaces $HTTP_POST_VARS)
•$_COOKIE — HTTP cookie variables
•$_REQUEST — a merge of the GET, POST, and cookie data
Version 4.1.0 introduces some other helpful variables:
•$_SERVER — the Apache server environment variables, such as REMOTE_ADDR
•$_ENV — the environment variables
•$_SESSION — data registered by the session module

if (condition) switch (expression)
{ statements { case expr: statements break;
}elseif (condition) case expr: statements break;
{ statements } ……
else{ statements } default: statements break;
}
while (condition){ statements } while (condition):

statements
endwhile;
do { statements }while (condition);

<? // Example :
$array = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
for (start_expr; condition; step_expr) foreach ($array as $value)
{ statements } { echo "$value "; }
// echoes "2468"
foreach (array_expr as variable)
?>
{ statements }

<?
$a = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
foreach ($a as $k => $v)
{ echo "$k = $v "; } // echoes: 0 = 2 1 = 4 2 = 6 3 = 8
?>
<h3>Display ages in a table using the foreach loop</h3>

<table border="1">
<?
foreach ($a as $k => $v)
{
echo "<tr><th>$k</th><td>$v</td></tr>";
}
?>
</table>

PHP Functions
The syntax to declare a function is:
function function_name(variable_list)
{
statements
}
The syntax to call a function is:
function_name(variable_list);
Example :
<?
function print_hello ()
{ echo "hello, world!"; }
?>
<html>
<head> <title>PHP Functions - Part 1</title> </head>
<? print_hello(); ?>
</body>
</html> Information Science and Engineering 85
function no_default_args($a, $b, $c)
{ echo "<hr>";
echo "no_default_args(): \$a : $a <br>";
echo "no_default_args(): \$b : $b <br>";
echo "no_default_args(): \$c : $c <br>";
}
Calling :
no_default_args("foo", $variable_name, 4.9485);
function default_args($a = 2, $b = 4, $c = 6)
{
echo "<hr>"; echo "default_args(): \$a : $a <br>";
echo "default_args(): \$b : $b <br>";
echo "default_args(): \$c : $c <br>";
}
Calling :
default_args(10);

Built-In PHP Functions
print()
print "<h1>PHP Results</h1>";
print "$name : $age : $result[0]";
print "<hr>";
die()
if ($name == “ “ )
{ die("the name field was not entered in the form"); }
Array Functions
array_push() array_unshift()
array_pop() array_shift()
sort() rsort()
array_reverse()
asort(), arsort(), ksort(), and krsort()
count() -- array size
array_keys()  gives key names

array_values()  gives values

printf()
printf "Integer: %d, Float: %6.2f", $i, $f;
join()
$array = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
$string = join(":", $array); // $string is now "2:4:6:8"
substr()
$string = "hello, world!";
$substring = substr($string, 2, 6); // $substring is "llo, w“
trim()
$string = " hello, world!\n\n\n";
$string2 = trim($string); // $string2 is "hello, world!"

MySQL Functions
mysql_connect() —Connect to the MySQL Server
<? $mysql = mysql_connect( “localhost“, “username", “password “ )
or die("could not connect to mysql"); ?>
mysql_close() —Close a MySQL Server Connection
<? mysql_close($mysql); ?>
mysql_db_query() —Execute a Query
<? $result = mysql_db_query($db, $query) ?>
mysql_num_rows() —Return the Number of Rows Selected
<? echo mysql_num_rows($result); ?>
mysql_fetch_row() —Fetch a Row as an Enumerated Array
<? $array = mysql_fetch_row($result);
echo "First column: $array[0]";
echo "Second column: $array[1]";
?>
mysql_errno() and mysql_error() —Return MySQL Errors
<?
$result = mysql_db_query($db, $query)
or die("query failed-".mysql_errno() . ": " .mysql_error());
?>

<? $mysql = mysql_connect("localhost", “root", “ “ )
or die("could not connect to mysql");
// execute the MySQL query, grab the result in $result
$result = mysql_db_query("books", "SELECT * FROM ageInfo")
or die("query failed - " . mysql_errno() . ": " . mysql_error());
?>
<html>
<head> <title>PHP and MySQL</title> </head>
We executed: <b>SELECT * FROM ageInfo</b>
<hr> We found <b>
<? echo mysql_num_rows($result); ?>
</b> rows.
<h3>Query result</h3>
<? //loop through each row
while ($array = mysql_fetch_row($result))
{
foreach ($array as $f)
{ print "$f :: "; }
print "<hr>";
}
?>
</body> </html>
<? mysql_close($mysql); Information
?> Science and Engineering 90
Develop and execute the following programs using HTML and PHP. Create Database
using MYSQL wherever necessary.
7. Program to query the database and to display the result on a web page.
8. Program to accept book information viz. Accession number, title, authors, edition and
publication from a web page and to store those in a database.
9.Program to search a book for a title given by the user on a web page and display the
search results with proper headings
Mysql> create table bookInfo (access_no char(10), title char(50),

author char (30), edition char(20), publication (20));
INSERT INTO book_info VALUES (1133,'Complete Reference

C','Schildt',2004,'TMH');

mysql_select_db( “database name“ ) -- Select a database
mysql_query() -- Execute a Query
mysql_free_result($result) -- Close the record set
mysql_close($mysql); -- Close the connection

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<!...meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;
charset=UTF-8">
<title> The stack ordering...</title>
<style type="text/css">
.layer1Style
{
border: solid thick black;
padding: 1em; width: 300px;
background-color: green;
position: absolute;
top: 100px; left: 200px; z-index: 0;
}
.layer2Style
{
background-color: blue;
position: absolute;
Information
} Science and Engineering 94
.layer3Style
{
background-color: red;
position: absolute;
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
var topLayer="layer3";
function mover(toTop)
{
var oldTop=document.getElementById(topLayer).style;
var newTop=document.getElementById(toTop).style;
oldTop.zIndex="0";
newTop.zIndex="1";
topLayer=document.getElementById(toTop).id;
}
</script>

</head>
<body style=background-color:yellow">
<h2 style="text-align:center;color:red">
Program includes XHTML document to show the Stacking of Paragraphs
</h2>
<div style="z-indes: 0;" class="layer1Style" id="layer1"
onmouseover="mover('layer1')">
The lives of most inhabitants of Industrialized Countries....
</div>
The www may seem like magic, until you understand how it works....
</div>
Windows XP provides many ways you to communicate with friends...
</div>
</body>
</html>


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How It Works

The Web is usually accessed through a browser.

Information Science and Engineering 2

Serving Data to Client :

Information Science and Engineering 3

Information Science and Engineering 4

Information Science and Engineering 5

GET /content/chapter1/ HTTP/1.0

Information Science and Engineering 6

Information Science and Engineering 7

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Information Science and Engineering 9

Modifying the Default Configuration

• The client (Web surfer) IP address

CustomLog /var/log/httpd/logs/access_log common

Information Science and Engineering 10

Remove Online Manuals

Consider Allowing Access to Local Documentation

Information Science and Engineering 11

Remove server-status and server-info

Information Science and Engineering 12

Creating Them Yourself

$ chmod a+r /var/www/html/index.html

Information Science and Engineering 14

DBI is an Application Program Interface (API) that allows Perl to

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your

SHOW DATABASES and CREATE DATABASE Commands

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

Information Science and Engineering 16

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

Information Science and Engineering 17

mysql> CREATE TABLE age_information (

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Information Science and Engineering 18

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Information Science and Engineering 19

TINYINT -128 to 127 (signed) or 0 to 255 (unsigned)

SMALLINT -32768 to 32767 (signed) or 0 to 65535 (unsigned)

MEDIUMINT -8388608 to 8388607 (signed) or 0 to 16777215 (unsigned)

INTEGER (same as INT) -2147483648 to 2147483647 (signed) or 0 to 4294967295

TINYBLOB maximum length 255 characters

Information Science and Engineering 21

mysql> DESCRIBE age_information;

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

The SELECT Command

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Information Science and Engineering 23

SELECT <column names> FROM <table name> ORDER BY <column

-DESC to show descending order

SELECT <column names> FROM <table name> WHERE <cond> ;

The UPDATE Command

SET <column name> = <column name> OP <value>

The DELETE Command

Information Science and Engineering 24

mysql> USE mysql;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Information Science and Engineering 25

Information Science and Engineering 26

$ chmod a+x hello.pl

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