Aerodynamics I

ASE IV

Dr. Om Prakash
Assistant Professor
UPES
 Contents
1. INTRODUCTION: Continuum and Free Molecular Flows, Invisid and
Viscous Flows, Incompressible and Compressible Flows. Newtonian and
Non-Newtonian Flows. Pitot Static Tube, Measurement of Air-Speed,
Pressure Coefficient. Aerodynamic Force and Moments. Dimensional
Analysis, Non-Dimensional Parameters, M, Re, Fr etc., Flow Similarity.
2. DESCRIPTION OF FLUID MOTION: Lagrangian and Eulerian Methods,
Description of Properties in a Moving Fluid, Local and Material Rate of
Change. Equation of Conservation of Mass for Control Volume, Special
Form of Equation of Conservation of Mass, Differential Form of
Equation of Conservation of Mass. Streamlines, Pathlines, Streaklines,
Vorticity and Circulation. Laws of Vortex Motion. Translation, Rotation
and Rate of Deformation of Fluid Particles.
3. EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION: Euler's and Navier-Stoke Equations.
Derivation of Bernaulli's Equation for Invisid and Viscous Flow Fields.
Momentum Equation and Angular Momentum Equation in Integral
Form.

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 Contd..
4. INVISID-INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: Condition on Velocity for Incompressible Flow.
Laplace's Equations. Potential Function, Stream Function. Basic Elementary Flows:
Uniform Flows, Source Flow, Doublet Flow and Vortex Flow. Superimposition of
Elementary Flows. Non Lifting and Lifting Flow over a Circular Cylinder, comparison
with Real Flow Over Circular Cylinder. Kutta-Jaukowski Theorem, Generation of Lift.
5. INTRODUCTION TO VISCOUS FLOW: Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flows, Viscosity
and Thermal Conductivity. Phenomenon of separation. Navier-Stokes Equation;
Viscous Flow Energy Equation. Some exact solutions to Navier-Stokes Equations:
Couette Flow, Poiseuille Flow and Hele-Shaw Flow.
6. INTRODUCTION TO INCOMPRESSIBLE BOUNDARY LAYER: BL concept, BL
Properties, Derivation of Prandtl's BL Equations, Blasius Solution, Karman's Integral
Equation. Turbulent BL over a Plate, Skin Friction Drag, BL Control.
7. ELEMENTS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: Compressible Flow Properties: Total
Enthalpy, Total Temperature, Temperature and Pressure Ratios as a function of
Mach No., Mass Flow Parameter (MFP). Isentropic Area Ratio (A/A*), Velocity-Area
variations, 2D Small Amplitude Wave Propagation. Adiabatic Steady Flow Ellipse,
description of Flow Regimes. Introduction to Normal and Oblique Shock Waves.
Working out solutions through Gas Tables/Charts.

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 Evaluation
Internal Assessment (30 % weightage)
7 Assignments
7 Quizes
Poster/PPT Presentation
Mid Sem Exam (20 % weightage)
1-4 topics
75 % attendance
End Sem Exam (50 % weightage)
Full syllabus
75 % attendance

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 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Continuum and Free Molecular Flows, Invisid
and Viscous Flows, Incompressible and
Compressible Flows. Newtonian and Non-
Newtonian Flows.
Pitot Static Tube, Measurement of Air-Speed,
Pressure Coefficient. Aerodynamic Force and
Moments.
Dimensional Analysis, Non-Dimensional
Parameters, M, Re, Fr etc., Flow Similarity.

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 Continuum and Free Molecular Flows
Consider cylinder of diameter d
Mean free path  (molecule travel between collisions
with neighboring molecules
Continuum flow:
 molecules impact the body surface very frequently
Body cannot distinguish individual molecule impact
Free molecular
  is of the order of d
Infrequent collision of molecules with body
Body can feel individual impact

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 Inviscid and Viscous Flows
Moving molecule transport their mass, momentum and
energy
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA: Results in mass
diffusion, viscosity (friction) and thermal conduction
Viscous flows: Flows exhibit transport phenomena
Inviscid flow:
small influence of transport phenomena
Re no. is infinity
Adequately predict pressure
distribution & lift force over airfoil

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 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian
Flows

Newtonian fluid: air, water

Non-Newtonian fluid:
plastics, sludge, blood

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 Viscous dominated flows
• Inviscid theory cannot
predict aerodynamics

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 Incompressible and Compressible Flows
Incompressible: flow in which  is constant
Compressible: flow where  is varying
Hydrodynamics:  is constant
M< 0.3:  is constant
Near M and above:  is varying

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 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
L= N cos  - A sin 
D=N sin  + A cos 
CL=L/q∞ S;
Cl=L’/q∞ S;
CD=D/q∞ S
Cd=D’/q∞ S
CN=N/q∞ S;
Cn=N’/q∞ S;
CA=A/q∞ S
Ca=A’/q∞ S
CM=M/q∞ S
Cm=M’/q∞ S

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