MEC201

Mechanics of Solids

Vijay
Deformation, Strain and Material Properties

Vijay
Hooke Law

P/A
P
L
δ
δ/L
Stress= E×Strain

P
Vijay
The Fundamental Strategy of
Deformable-Body Mechanics
Deformation depends on
loading, material and
geometry

Strain depends on stress

AND material. NOT on
geometry

Stress depends on
loading and geometry
Vijay
The Fundamental Strategy of
Deformable-Body Mechanics
Load Equilibrium Stress
Macro Geometry Micro
Strain
Micro Material
Property

Deformation
Geometry
Macro

Vijay
Tug of War
Cross-section: 6 cm2

• • • • • •
A B C D E F

Section Tension, N Stress, kPa Strain Length, m Elongation, m

AB 250 416.7 4.16×10- 3 1.5 6.24×10- 3

BC 500 833.3 8.35×10- 3 2.0 16.70×10- 3
CD 800 1333.3 13.33×10- 3 1.5 20.02×10- 3
DE 550 916.7 9.20×10- 3 1.5 13.78×10- 3
EF 300 500.0 5.00×10- 3 2.0 10.00×10- 3

Vijay
Measuring the height of Kutub

W = ρAxg = T
σ = T/A = ρxg
72 m
ε = σ/E = ρxg/E

dδ = εdx = ρgxdx/E
T
dx
x
W(x)
Vijay
Measuring the height of Kutub

or

For a Nylon wire the density ~ 0.8X103 kg/m3, and E

~ 400 MPa, we get δ ~ 52 mm

For steel density is 7.6X103 kg/m3, and E is 200

GPa, we get δ ~ 1 mm

Vijay
Deflection in a Truss
RA,y
A RA,x
A
RA,y = 20 kN
RA,x = − 20 kN
1m
B
RB,y = 20 kN
C
20kN
B
RB,y
C

20kN
TAC = 28.8 kN
1m TBC = − 20 kN
Member Force Length Area Stress Strain Elongation
kN m m2 MPa m
AC 28.3 1.41 1.77× 160.1 7.6×10−4 1.07×10−3
10−4
BC − 20 1 1.77× −113.2 −5.4×10−4 −0.54×10−3
10−4

Vijay
Deflection in a Truss
A A

E 45o
B C B E C
D y D
x F
G 45
o
C1
C1

X-displacement of C ~ shortening of BC =−0.54 mm

y-displacement of C ~ EF + FC1 = CD/cos45o + FG(=EC)
~ 1.25 mm
Vijay
Statically Indeterminate Problems
PP

R1 R2 R3

Reaction at middle support (and hence, at all

supports depends on the bending of plank.
Vijay
A Simple Example

2.6 m 1.3 m

F1 F2

150 kN
1m

Vijay
Statically Indeterminate Problems
1. Consideration of static equilibrium
and determination of loads
2. Consideration of relations between loads
and deformations, (first converting loads
to stresses, then transforming stresses
to strain using the properties of the
material, and then converting strains to
deformations),
3. Considerations of the conditions
of geometric compatibility
Vijay
Statically Indeterminate Structure
R1
Taking moments about
the pivot point,
2R1 + 2R2 – P = 0
P R2
Geom. Comp.
δ1 = δ2
R1L1/E1A1 = R2L2/E2A2

Vijay
 Statically Indeterminate Structure
R2 - F - R1 = 0; R1L – Fx = 0

Geom. Comp.
h + δ1 = 2(h - δ2)
F

R1 = kδ1
R2 = kδ2
L x Vijay
Statically Indeterminate Structure
P

P = R1+ R2
R2 R1 = (E1A1/L1)δ1
R1
R2 = (E2A2/L2)δ2

Geom. Comp.
δ1 = δ2

Vijay
Stress-Strain Relationship

σxx
εxx = σxx/E

σxx

Vijay
Poisson Ratio

σxx

εyy = - ν εxx

ν is Poisson ratio
σxx

Vijay
Stress-Strain Relationship

Let us consider εxx.

σxx produces an εxx = σxx /E

σyy produces an εyy = σyy /E, which through

Poisson ratio gives εxx = -νεyy = - νσyy/E.
Similarly for σzz .
Vijay
Generalized Hooke’s Law

Shear stresses do not cause any normal strain

εxx = σxx/E – νσyy/E - ν σzz/E

= [σxx – ν(σyy + σzz)]/E

Similarly for εyy and εzz

Vijay
An Example
F
σyy = −F/A, σzz = 0

Geometric compatibility:
y εxx = 0
x
εxx = [σxx – ν(σyy + σzz)]/E

0 = [σxx – ν(σyy + 0)]/E,

→ σxx =νσyy = − ν F/A

εyy = [σyy – ν(σxx + σzz)]/E = [−F/A + ν F/A]/E = −(1− ν)F/AE

Vijay
Shear Strain

Shear strain γ is π/2 − θ

θ2 Shear strain is also seen as:

θ θ1 − θ2 (with anti-clockwise
θ1 angles as positive)

Vijay
Shear Strain
y Coordinates after
C deformation (in mm) are:
D
A(0,0), B(0.194, 0.013), and
D(−0.012, 0.196).
θ2
θ1 B
θ1 = 0.013/0.2 = 0. 065
A
x
θ2 = 0.012/0.2 = 0. 06
γxy = 0.65 − 0.60 = −0.05 radians

Vijay
Shear Stress
Shear strain γ is related to shear
stress τ by

γxy = τxy/G,
where G is shear modulus
θ
It can be shown that γxy does not
depend on other components of
stress.

Vijay
Shear Modulus

Material G, GPa
Aluminium 25

Steel 80

Glass 26-32

Soft Rubber 0.003- 0.001

Vijay
Vibration Isolator
8,000 N
4,000 N

Shear stress τ =
4,000 N/ (0.1 m)(0.12 m)
= 3.33×105 Pa

Shear strain γ = τ/G Wall Wall

Rubber blocks
3.33×105 Pa/1 GPa 10 cm × 10 cm
with 12 cm height
= 3.33×10−4

Vertical deflection of load = 3.33×10−4×0.10 m

Vijay
Elastic Properties
• We have so far introduced three elastic
properties of materials.
Material E, GPa G, GPa ν
Aluminium 70 25 0.33(1/3)

Steel 200 80 0.27(1/4)

Glass 50-80 26-32 0.21-.27

Soft 0.0008- 0.003- 0.50

Rubber 0.004 0.001
Vijay
Thermal Strains

There is no thermal shear strain

Material α ×10-6/oC
Steel ~10
Aluminium ~20

Vijay
Generalized Hooke’s Law

εxx = [σxx – ν(σyy + σzz)]/E + αΔT

εyy = [σyy – ν(σzz + σxx)]/E+ αΔT

εzz = [σzz – ν(σxx + σyy)]/E+ αΔT

γxy = τxy/G, γyz = τyz/G, and γzx = τzx/G

Vijay
 An Example
σyy
Steel: εx = 0.6×10−4;
εy = 0.3×10−4

Find σxx and σyy. σxx

E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3

Vijay
 Another Example
Aluminium rod, rigid supports.
Temperature raised by ΔT.
What are the stresses?

εxx = 0 = [σxx/E + αΔT]

Vijay
An Example
Tank is flush when empty.
Find end forces when pressure is p
z
p
Due to p: σzz = pr/ 2t, σθθ = pr/ t
If end forces F, axial stress due to it
is F/2πrt

εzz = [(pr/ 2t − F/2πrt) −νpr/t ]/E

Equate it to 0 and determine F

Vijay
Stress-Strain Relationship
• A material property.

Tensile Test Machine, UTM

Vijay
Extensometer

Vijay
Stress-Strain Curve: Elasticity

Vijay
Failure Modes
σ (= F/Ao)

Necking
ε (=∆L/Lo)

Ductile Failure Brittle Failure

Vijay
Plastic Deformation, Yield Strength

Y
Yield stress, σY
σ (= F/A0)

0.02% Permanent set ε (= ΔL/L0)

Vijay
Strain Hardening

Y1 Ultimate stress
σ (= F/A0) Y

B
ε (= ΔL/L0)

Vijay
Stress-Strain in Brittle Materials

Vijay
Idealized Stress-Strain Curves

σ σ σ

ε ε ε
(c) Elastic-Plastic
(a) Rigid (b) Perfectly elastic

σ σ
Increase in
yield strength
ε ε
(d) Perfectly plastic (e) Elastic- Plastic
(strain hardening)

Vijay
Pre-Stressing

A Section AA

Vijay
Pre-stressing

(a) Tendon being stresses (b) After casting, the force is

during casting. Tension in released and the structure
tendon, no stress in shrinks.
concrete.

(c) FBD of tendon. The (d) FBD of concrete. The

concrete does not let the
tendon shrink as much as it
would on its own. This
results in residual tension in
the tendon.
residual force in the tendon
is trying to compress the
concrete, which is in tension
now.

Vijay
Pre-stressing: A simple example
A concrete beam of cross-sectional area 5 cm×5
cm and length 2 m be cast with a 10 mm dia mild
steel rod under a tension of 20 kN. The external
tension in steel released after the concrete is set.
What is the residual compressive stress in the
concrete?

T = 20 kN →σ = 255 Mpa →ε = 1.21×10- 3 →δ = 2.42 mm

Vijay
Pre-stressing: A simple example
2.42 mm
δs
F
δc

δs + δc = 2.42 mm

Vijay
Failure Under Compression

Buckling
Vijay
Buckling of a Bridge

Vijay
Elastic Buckling

Vijay