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MR.JUSTIN SAMSON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
he called
ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Ernest Rutherford
1910
oversaw Geiger and Marsden
carrying out his famous experiment.
helium nuclei
Electron cloud
Nucleus
ATOM
COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly
empty space
•protons and neutrons in
the nucleus.
•the number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.
•electrons in space around the
nucleus.
ATOMIC COMPOSITION
• Protons (p+)
– + electrical charge
– mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g
– relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu) but we
can round to 1
• Electrons (e-)
– negative electrical charge
– relative mass = 0.0005 amu
but we can round to 0
• Neutrons (no)
– no electrical charge
– mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1
What is AMU?
• An atomic mass unit (symbolized AMU or amu) is
defined as precisely 1/12 the mass of an atom
• In imprecise terms, one AMU is the average of the
proton mass and the neutron mass
• The mass of an atom in AMU is roughly equal to
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus
• The AMU is used to express the relative masses of,
various isotopes of elements. example, uranium-
235 (U-235) has an AMU of approximately 235,
while uranium-238 (U-238) is slightly more
massive.
Properties of Atoms
• Atomic Number- The number of protons in
the nucleus of a specific type of atom.
• Mass Number- The number of protons plus
neutrons in the nucleus of a specific type of
atom. Also referred to as atomic mass.
• To figure out the number of neutrons in an
atom, subtract the atomic number from the
mass number.
Example: Carbon has an atomic # of 6 and a mass
number of 12. This means carbon has 6 protons (A
#) and 6 neutrons (M # - A #)
Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element
have the same number of
protons in the nucleus, Z
13 Atomic number
Al Atom symbol
Mass Number, A
• C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the
mass standard
• = 12 atomic mass units
• Mass Number (A) =#
protons + # neutrons
• A boron atom can have A
= 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu
A
A 10
10
B
B
ZZ 55
Just What Size Is an Atom?
Ca
He
Atoms !!!
Cl
O Na
0.00013 micron
How Many Atoms Are In A Person?
Around …
8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
that’s …
eight million-million-
million-million-
thousand atoms
Wow!
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton
+
N
-
+
- N
electron neutron
B
11
B
10
Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of
sodium.
Isotopes &
Their Uses
Bone scans with
radioactive
technetium-99.
Atomic Symbols
Show the name of the element, a hyphen, and
the mass number in hyphen notation
sodium-23
Show the mass number and atomic number in
nuclear symbol form
mass number
23 Na
atomic number 11
Isotopes?
Which of the following represent
isotopes of the same element?
Which element?
12 C 13 C 14 C
6 6 6
#p+ 6 6 6
#no 6 7 8
#e- 6 6 6
IONS
• IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative
charge.
Mg --> Mg + 2 e-
2+ F + e- --> F-
PREDICTING
PREDICTING ION
ION CHARGES
CHARGES
In general
A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________
C. 47p+, 60 n, 46 e- ___________
• EXAMPLE PROBLEM: Atomic Symbols
• Write the atomic symbol for the following atoms.
• (a) A nitrogen atom containing 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7
electrons.
• (b) A uranium atom containing 92 protons, 143 neutrons, and
92 electrons.
• SOLUTION:
• (a) 7
• 15N The atomic number of nitrogen is equal to the number of
protons (7) and the mass number is equal to the number
• of protons plus the number of neutrons (7 + 8 = 15).
• (b) 92 ,235U The atomic number of uranium is equal to the
number of protons (92) and the mass number is equal to the
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
• (92 + 143 = 235).
3.2 The Periodic Table
Organizing The Periodic
Table
• Elements are given chemical symbols and
arranged by their unique Atomic Number.