You are on page 1of 51

ATOM

MR.JUSTIN SAMSON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms

he pounded up materials in his pestle

and mortar until he had reduced them

to smaller and smaller particles which

he called

ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Ernest Rutherford
1910
oversaw Geiger and Marsden
carrying out his famous experiment.

they fired Helium nuclei at a piece


of gold foil which was only a few
atoms thick.

they found that although most of


them passed through. About 1 in
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
gold foil
helium nuclei

helium nuclei

They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed


through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to
their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
ATOM
• The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a
dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
• The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively
charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
• The electrons are arranged in orbits or shells
called K,L,M starting from the orbital closest to the
nucleus.
atoms
• The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the
electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can
remain bound to each other, forming a molecule
• An atom containing an equal number of protons and
electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive
or negative charge and is an ion.
• An atom is classified according to the number of protons
and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons
determines the chemical element, and the number of
neutrons determines the isotope of the element.[1]
• Nucleus: The nucleus is the very dense region
consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons) at
the center of an atom. Almost all of the mass in an
atom is made up from the protons and neutrons in
the nucleus,.

• Electron orbit - the path of an electron around the


nucleus of an atom
The Atom
An atom consists of a
• nucleus
– (of protons and neutrons)
• electrons in space about the nucleus.

Electron cloud

Nucleus
ATOM
COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly
empty space
•protons and neutrons in
the nucleus.
•the number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.
•electrons in space around the
nucleus.
ATOMIC COMPOSITION
• Protons (p+)
– + electrical charge
– mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g
– relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu) but we
can round to 1
• Electrons (e-)
– negative electrical charge
– relative mass = 0.0005 amu
but we can round to 0
• Neutrons (no)
– no electrical charge
– mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1
What is AMU?
• An atomic mass unit (symbolized AMU or amu) is
defined as precisely 1/12 the mass of an atom
• In imprecise terms, one AMU is the average of the
proton mass and the neutron mass
• The mass of an atom in AMU is roughly equal to
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus
• The AMU is used to express the relative masses of,
various isotopes of elements. example, uranium-
235 (U-235) has an AMU of approximately 235,
while uranium-238 (U-238) is slightly more
massive.
Properties of Atoms
• Atomic Number- The number of protons in
the nucleus of a specific type of atom.
• Mass Number- The number of protons plus
neutrons in the nucleus of a specific type of
atom. Also referred to as atomic mass.
• To figure out the number of neutrons in an
atom, subtract the atomic number from the
mass number.
Example: Carbon has an atomic # of 6 and a mass
number of 12. This means carbon has 6 protons (A
#) and 6 neutrons (M # - A #)
Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element
have the same number of
protons in the nucleus, Z

13 Atomic number
Al Atom symbol
Mass Number, A
• C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the
mass standard
• = 12 atomic mass units
• Mass Number (A) =#
protons + # neutrons
• A boron atom can have A
= 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu

A
A 10
10
B
B
ZZ 55
Just What Size Is an Atom?

Ca

He
Atoms !!!
Cl

O Na

0.00013 micron
How Many Atoms Are In A Person?

Around …
8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

that’s …
eight million-million-
million-million-
thousand atoms

Wow!
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton

+
N
-
+
- N

electron neutron

What do these particles consist of?


quarks
• the protons and neutrons are made up of various
varieties of particles called quarks
• A set of three quarks makes up the proton and
another set of three makes up the neutrons. Each
quark carries a charge of 1/3rd of a proton.

• The electron is still considered to be monolithic


and is grouped under particles called leptons.
• Binding energy: energy contained in holding the
protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an
atom or holding the atoms together in a molecule.
Excitation & Ionisation
• An electron revolving in a stationary orbit of an atom
absorbs some energy the electron may jump over to an
orbit of higher energy. This process is called excitation
• If the energy supplied is large enough to remove an
electron from the atom, then the atom is said to be ionized.
The minimum energy needed to ionize an atom is called
Ionisation energy
• characteristic x-ray: an x-ray that is emitted from an atom
when an electron is displaced from an inner shell.
What are Molecules?

Molecules are very small objects that are


made up of connected atoms
Bohr Models
• Niehls Bohr
– Discovered that electrons occupy different types of
orbitals called energy levels. (much like the planets
around the sun)

1st energy level = 2


electrons
2nd energy level = 8
electrons
3rd energy level = 8
electrons
A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a
compound that retains the chemical
characteristics of the compound.
Composition of molecules is given by a
MOLECULAR FORMULA
H2O
What Do Molecules Look Like?

Molecules can take on all kinds of


different shapes and sizes

Let’s look at a few!


Do Molecules Move?

Yes, they sure do!

How do they move?


It depends on whether they
are in a solid, liquid, or gas
VALENCY BOND
• The ability of one atom to join with another is called
valency and the electron linkage between the atoms is
called the valency bond.
• There are 2 types of valency bond
• 1.ionic bond-this type of bond is created when one or more
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming
charged atoms(ions)
• 2.covalent bonds-this is formed by sharing of electrons
Terms used to describe a nucleus
• Nucleon- a proton or neutron within a nucleus
• Atomic no Z-the no of protons in the nucleus
• Atomic mass no A-The total no of nucleons in the
nucleus
• Neutron no - the no of neutron in the nucleus
• Nuclide- a nucleus with a specific value of Z and A
• Element E-A nucleus with a given value of z
• Isotope – any nucleus that contain the same no of
protons but different mass no
• Radionuclide or radioisotope- any nuclide or
isotope which is radioactive
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element (same Z)
but different mass number (A).
• Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n
• Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n

B
11

B
10
Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of
sodium.
Isotopes &
Their Uses
Bone scans with
radioactive
technetium-99.
Atomic Symbols
 Show the name of the element, a hyphen, and
the mass number in hyphen notation

sodium-23
 Show the mass number and atomic number in
nuclear symbol form
mass number
23 Na
atomic number 11
Isotopes?
Which of the following represent
isotopes of the same element?
Which element?

234 234 235 238


X X X X
92 93 92 92
Counting Protons, Neutrons, and
Electrons

• Protons: Atomic Number (from periodic table)


• Neutrons: Mass Number minus the number of protons
(mass number is protons and neutrons because the
mass of electrons is negligible)
• Electrons:
– If it’s an atom, the protons and electrons must be
the SAME so that it is has a net charge of zero
(equal numbers of + and -)
– If it does NOT have an equal number of electrons, it
is not an atom, it is an ION. For each negative
charge, add an extra electron. For each positive
charge, subtract an electron (Don’t add a proton!!!
That changes the element!)
Nucleus vs. Orbitals

• Middle of the • Pathway of


atom electrons as they
• Protons & orbit the nucleus.
Neutrons are
found here
Learning Check – Counting

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three


isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these
carbon atoms.
12 C 13 C 14 C
6 6 6

#p+ _______ _______ _______


#no _______ _______ _______
#e- _______ _______ _______
Answers

12 C 13 C 14 C
6 6 6

#p+ 6 6 6

#no 6 7 8

#e- 6 6 6
IONS
• IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative
charge.

• Taking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a


positive charge
• Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative
charge.
• To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is
a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2
Na Ca I O
Forming
Forming Cations
Cations &
& Anions
Anions
A CATION forms An ANION forms
when an atom when an atom
loses one or gains one or
more electrons. more electrons

Mg --> Mg + 2 e-
2+ F + e- --> F-
PREDICTING
PREDICTING ION
ION CHARGES
CHARGES

In general

• metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations


• nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions
Learning Check – Counting

State the number of protons, neutrons, and


electrons in each of these ions.
39 K+ O -2
16 41Ca +2
19 8 20

#p+ ______ ______ _______


#no ______ ______ _______
#e- ______ ______ _______
One Last Learning Check

Write the nuclear symbol form for the following


atoms or ions:

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- ___________

C. 47p+, 60 n, 46 e- ___________
• EXAMPLE PROBLEM: Atomic Symbols
• Write the atomic symbol for the following atoms.
• (a) A nitrogen atom containing 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7
electrons.
• (b) A uranium atom containing 92 protons, 143 neutrons, and
92 electrons.
• SOLUTION:
• (a) 7
• 15N The atomic number of nitrogen is equal to the number of
protons (7) and the mass number is equal to the number
• of protons plus the number of neutrons (7 + 8 = 15).
• (b) 92 ,235U The atomic number of uranium is equal to the
number of protons (92) and the mass number is equal to the
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
• (92 + 143 = 235).
3.2 The Periodic Table
Organizing The Periodic
Table
• Elements are given chemical symbols and
arranged by their unique Atomic Number.

• Atomic Number: Tells you the number of


protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

• NOTE: # of protons = # of electrons


Carbon Isotopes
THANK U
assignments
• The Chemical Elements and The Periodic Table of the
Elements
• 40. Write the chemical symbols that represent the following
elements.
• a. chlorine
• b. zinc
• c. phosphorus
• d. uranium
• 43. Write the element names that correspond to the following
symbols.
• a. C
• b. Cu
• c. Ne
• Identify each of the following as a cation or an anion, and
determine the charge on each.
• a lithium atom with 3 protons and 2 electrons
• a sulfur atom with 16 protons and 18 electrons
63. Write the atomic number for each of the following
elements.
• a. Oxygen
• b. Mg
• c. uranium
• d. Li
• e. lead
• f. Mn
assignments
• The Chemical Elements and The Periodic Table of the
Elements
• 40. Write the chemical symbols that represent the following
elements. (Obj 11)
• a. chlorine Cl
• b. zinc Zn
• c. phosphorus P
• d. uranium U
• 43. Write the element names that correspond to the following
symbols. (Obj 11)
• a. C carbon
• b. Cu copper
• c. Ne neon
• Identify each of the following as a cation or an anion, and
determine the charge on each.
• (Obj 22)
• a lithium atom with 3 protons and 2 electrons
• (+3) + (−2) = +1 This is a cation with a +1 charge.
• a sulfur atom with 16 protons and 18 electrons
• (+16) + (−18) = −2 This is an anion with a −2 charge.
• 63. Write the atomic number for each of the following elements.
• a. Oxygen 8
• b. Mg 12
• c. uranium 92
• d. Li 3
• e. lead 82
• f. Mn 25
• Cations and Anions: Identify each of the
following as a cation or an
• anion, and determine the charge on each. (Obj
22)
• a magnesium atom with 12 protons and 10
electrons
• (+12) + (−10) = +2 This is a +2 cation.
• a fluorine atom with 9 protons and 10 electrons
• (+9) + (−10) = −1 This is a –1 anion
• a. , and are two common isotopes of hydrogen. What do
these isotopes have in
• common? What is different?
• b. , and are two common isotopes of carbon. What do these
isotopes have in
• common? What is different?

You might also like