1 Building Const 2

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
lI
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD
FRAMING
Wood Frame & Light RC

1. Light Wood Framing
2.0
Construction 2. Heavy Wood Framing of
Types of Wood Framing Beam and Girder Framing
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 1. Light Wood Framing
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade
Floor Finish a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest
CHB Wall Construction form of framing, in which the studding
Posts and corner posts are set up in
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
continuous lengths from first floor line
Wall Framing System & or sill to roof plate. Boards called
Wall Finishes ribbons are notched and nailed into
Ceiling Framing System & the studs and corner posts at the
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing proper height to support the second
System & Roofing story joists. A joist is brought against
Wood Stairs a stud wherever possible. This type of
Doors & Door Hardware frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable
Windows & Window
Hardware to sway and tremble in heavy winds.
Miscellaneous
b) Combination Frame. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers
with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of lighter timbers and less
mortising and pinning to save material and labor.
Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists as well as to brace
the whole frame. The girts which support the floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel
to the joists are called raised or flush girts. The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to
roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts and from the corner posts to the
roof plate. This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon frame.
Wood Frame & Light RC c) Platform Frame. Where the ground and second floor level structures are supported by
2.0
Construction their respective platforms.
Types of Wood Framing
Systems 2.1
Combination Frame. Platform Frame.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing.
2.0
Construction
This is the type of framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are
Systems 2.1 carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the
Joints & Splicing posts. Studs rest on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING
2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary
framing and is made by lapping one piece over the other and nailing then together. It is not a
very strong joint.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2
Timber Connectors PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction 2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness of wood
Posts directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and the sides against
Wood Floor Framing which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to each other. The joint is toe-
Wall Framing System & nailed.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE FINGER
Miscellaneous SPLICE JOINT
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at
right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the
two pieces nailed securely together.
Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle
2.0
Construction
Eased Edge
Types of Wood Framing Dap
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 CHAMFER
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts 4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
5. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden
framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by
cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second piece
to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece or
only part of the way.
Mortise
Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Systems MORTISE MORTISE Tenon
MORTISE
Timber Connectors JOINT
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade CHASE
Floor Finish Key
MORTISE
Posts Undercut FOXTAIL
Wood Floor Framing Tenon
System & Floor Finishes WEDGE
Wall Framing System & Haunched
Wall Finishes Tenon
Ceiling Finishes Articulate
Wood Roof Framing BRIDLE
System & Roofing KEYED
JOINT
Wood Stairs JOINT
Windows & Window DRAWBORE
Hardware
Miscellaneous
6. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece at
the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to
maintain a level surface at the joint.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED
Timber Connectors JOINT JOINT HALVING
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 7. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive the
Posts
other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes Rabbet
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
RABBET JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
8. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a
groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are
used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the necessary
strength to hold the other piece in place.
Dado
Stopped
Dado
Wood Frame & Light RC DADO JOINT

2.0
Construction

Systems 9. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner. It
Joints & Splicing 2.2 is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. It is
Timber Connectors
made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45, and
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing nails,
Floor Finish corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED COPED JOINT
Wood Roof Framing quirk
MITER MITER
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
10. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong
and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a
groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

2.0 DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT
Construction
HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 11. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right
Timber Connectors angles to the second piece.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY
System & Roofing GROOVE WEDGE
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
COMMON WOOD JOINTS
FOR FURNITURE

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
LAP JOINTS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2.2 SPLICES
The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in

such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of
equivalent size. Splices are of three types: for compression, tension
and bending.

A. Splices for Compression
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their
Systems ends and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal
Timber Connectors plates called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade joined. The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to
Floor Finish prevent buckling.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Scabs or Fish Plates
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and
when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is
some tension. This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each
piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together.

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

Systems
Timber Connectors 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade splice. It has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used
Floor Finish
in combination with scabs or fishplates.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
C. Splices for Bending
1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in

a horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to
compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending
should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression
splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum
resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end,
2.0
Construction since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the
Types of Wood Framing tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the
Systems bottom and bolted securely
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Fish Plate
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS
Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide
added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate
complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of
heavy construction, and save much time and labor.
Among the various types of timber connectors are:

1. Split Rings. These are made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and
2.0 6 in. in diameter. They used for heavy construction.
Construction

Systems 2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed and corrugated.
Joints & Splicing They are made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4 in. diameter. They are
Timber Connectors 2.3 used between two timber frames for comparatively light
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade construction.
Floor Finish
Posts
3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed and other smooth.
Wood Floor Framing They are used either singly, in timber to metal
System & Floor Finishes connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections.
Wall Finishes The female plate is adaptable for use when the
Ceiling Framing System & connector must lie flush with the timber surface.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 4. Shear Plates. When installed these lie flush with the
Wood Stairs timber surface. They are used singly or in pairs. In
Doors & Door Hardware timber to metal connections the plate is placed with its
Windows & Window
Hardware back towards the metal.
Miscellaneous
2.4 ISOLATED FOOTINGS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings 2.4
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Plan. Section.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Vertical Reinforcement
Lateral Reinforcement
Steel Dowels anchor column
to footing
Two-way reinforcement
uniformly spaced
6” (150) minimum above
Wood Frame & Light RC steel reinforcement
2.0
Construction
3” (75) minimum cover for
steel reinforcement when
Types of Wood Framing Wood Post
Systems concrete is cast against and
Joints & Splicing permanently exposed to
Timber Connectors earth
Isolated Footings 2.4
Critical Section for one-way
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction shear
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Critical Section for two-way
System & Floor Finishes shear
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Reinforced Concrete Column
Windows & Window Steel Column
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5 PAVING AND SLAB ON GRADE
2.5.1 PAVING AND PAVING PATTERNS

2.0 UNIT RUNNING STACKED UNIT BASKET
Construction INTERLOCKING OCTAGON ROMAN
BOND BOND WEAVE BASKETWEAVE AND DOT COBBLE
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction COURSED UNIT INTERLOCKING INTERLOCKING TURF RANDOM
Posts ASHLAR HERRINGBONE HERRINGBONE BASKETWEAVE BLOCK STONE
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Unit pavers w/ handtight
sand-swept joints
FLEXIBLE BASE 1”-2” (25-51) sand

Paving unit on mortar setting bed
bed, set on edge or 2”-6” (51-150) compacted
laid flat aggregate where required
6” in high traffic areas or
Concrete footing: provide
gravel under footing if over expansive soil
frost depth is deeper than Compacted subgrade
footing or undisturbed soil
Wood Frame & Light RC Brick or concrete
Construction
2.0 RIGID BASE
Paving unit set vertically pavers
on mortar bed; unit may ¾” (19) bituminous
extend up to ½ of paver setting bed
Systems
height to form curb
Joints & Splicing 4” to 6” (100-150)
Timber Connectors
Concrete footing concrete slab
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 Compacted aggregate,
Floor Finish 2x, 4x or 6x pressure- if required
CHB Wall Construction treated wood edge or curb
Posts TURF PAVER
2” (51) layer of wood
Wood Floor Framing Turf block
System & Floor Finishes chips, crushed stone or
Wall Framing System & pea gravel
Topsoil mix for grass or
Wall Finishes 2” (51) base of soil- ground cover
Ceiling Framing System & cement mixture or
Ceiling Finishes 2” (51) and setting bed
crushed stone
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 2x2 or 2x4 pressure-
Wood Stairs treated wood stakes, 24” 2”-6” (51-150)
Doors & Door Hardware (610) long @3’ to 4’ (915 compacted aggregate
Windows & Window to 1220) oc.
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE
Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or
properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over soil
of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be
designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and
design by a qualified structural engineer. 4” (100) minimum slab thickness; thickness
required depends on expected use and load
conditions
2.0
Construction
Welded wire fabric reinforcement set at or slightly
above the mid-depth of the slab controls thermal
Types of Wood Framing stresses, shrinkage cracking and slight differential
Systems movement in the soil bed; a grid of reinforcing bars
Joints & Splicing may be required for slabs carrying heavier-than-
Timber Connectors normal floor loads
Isolated Footings Concrete additives can increase surface hardness
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 and abrasion resistance
Floor Finish
The American Concrete Institute recommends a 2”
Posts
(51) layer of sand be placed over the moisture barrier
Wood Floor Framing to absorb excess water from the concrete during
System & Floor Finishes curing
Wall Finishes 6-mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene moisture barrier
Ceiling Finishes Base course of gravel or crushed stone to prevent the
Wood Roof Framing capillary rise of groundwater, 4” (100) minimum
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Stable, uniformly dense soil base; compaction may
be required to increase soil stability, loadbearing
Windows & Window capacity and resistance to water penetration
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors Slab on Grade Exterior Grade Beam Slab on Grade Exterior Grade Beam
Isolated Footings (For Wood Frame Construction) (For Masonry Wall Construction)
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Slab on Grade Interior Grade Beam Slab on Grade Interior Grade Beam
Windows & Window (For Wood Frame Construction) (For Masonry Wall Construction)
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5.3 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a
concrete slab on grade;
1. Isolation Joints – often called
expansion joints, allow movement to
occur between a concrete slab and
adjoining columns and walls of a building.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Construction Joints – provide a

2.0 place for construction to stop and then
Construction
continue at later time. These joints,
which also serve as an isolation or
Types of Wood Framing control joint, can keyed or doweled to
Systems prevent vertical differential movement of
Joints & Splicing adjoining slab sections.
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings 1/8” (3) radius
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 Prevent local bond
Floor Finish Coated dowels or a keyed
CHB Wall Construction joint if required to prevent Keyed joint
Posts vertical differential movement
Wood Floor Framing
3. Control Joints – create lines of
System & Floor Finishes weakness so that the cracking that may
Wall Framing System & result from tensile stresses occurs along Prevent bond by using a
Wall Finishes predetermined lines. Space control joints in preformedmetal or plastic joint
Ceiling Framing System & exposed concrete 15’ to 20’ (4570 to 6100) Sawn joint 1/8” (3) wide and ¼ material or by applying curing
Ceiling Finishes o.c. or wherever required to break an of slab depth; filled w/ joint filler compound to one side before other
Wood Roof Framing irregular slab shaped into square or side is placed
System & Roofing rectangular sections.
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 1/8” (3) premolded or metal strip
inserted when concrete is placed,
Windows & Window
finish flush with surface
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.6 FLOOR FINISH

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 2.6
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware *MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,
Miscellaneous Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 2.6
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.7 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction 2.7
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Types of Concrete Blocks
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Standard 90-Degree Hook

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Bond Beam Detail

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Continuous Reinforcement
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Around Corners for Bond Beams
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing Precast Concrete Lintel
One Story Masonry Wall Detail
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Pier Height and Minimum Shearwall
Continuous Reinforcement
Windows & Window Segments for Masonry Walls
Between First and Second Floors
2.8 POSTS
Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood post, the
following should be considered: lumber species, structural grade, modulus
of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending and shear stress value
permitted for the intended use. In addition, attention to be paid to the
Wood Frame & Light RC precise loading conditions and the types of connections used.
2.0
Construction

Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in
Systems crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the allowable
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load capacity of the
Isolated Footings post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As the slenderness ratio of
Paving and Slab on Grade a post increases, a post can fail from buckling.
Floor Finish
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.8.1 TYPES OF POSTS
1. Solid sawn columns should be of well-
seasoned wood
2. Built-up columns may be glue-

Construction
2.0 laminated or mechanically fastened.
Glue-laminated columns may have
Types of Wood Framing a higher allowable compressive
Systems
stress than solid sawn columns,
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors while mechanically fastened
Isolated Footings columns cannot equal the strength
Paving and Slab on Grade of a solid column of the same
Floor Finish
dimensions and material
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes 3. Spaced columns consist of two or more
Wood Roof Framing members separated at their ends and
System & Roofing middle points by blocking and joined at
Wood Stairs
their ends by timber connectors and bolts
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing Pier and Beam Foundation
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Alternate Method to Anchor Pier Holddown Anchorage from Pier to Beam
Hardware
and Beam Foundations and Beam to Corner Studs
Miscellaneous
2.8.2 WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS
Steel U-plate or saddle 6” (150) minimum bearing

in direction of beam span
Side plate for connection when tow beams abut
to wood post over support
Wood Frame & Light RC Welded connection to

2.0
Construction steel post or column

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors Continuous beam
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction Through bolts or split-ring Through bolts or split-ring
Posts 2.8 connector connector
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Blocking as required
Ceiling Framing System & Blocking at top, middle
Ceiling Finishes Spaced beam and bottom of spaced
Wood Roof Framing
post
System & Roofing
Bearing blocks provide
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware direct support and
Windows & Window increases area for bolts
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR
FINISHES
End joists may be doubled to
provide additional support for Rim joist or header
perimeter wall framing

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & Sheathing or subflooring ties and
Ceiling Finishes stabilizes the joists to prevent twisting
Wood Roof Framing and buckling
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Finish flooring is laid over wood panel or
Doors & Door Hardware plank subflooring; some finish flooring
Windows & Window materials may require additional
Hardware underlayment
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood scab nailed to each joist
½” (13) space for joist
shrinkage
Metal straps tie in-line joists

together when tops of joists are
flush w/ tope of wood beam
Toenail w/ 10d to beam
Three 16d @ each joist; avoid notching

Wood Frame & Light RC of joists over bearing
2.0
Construction
2x4 ledger provides 1-1/2” (38)
Wood Beam w/ Ledger minimum bearing
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 4” (100) minimum lap; three 16d
Isolated Footings
Solid blocking between joists as
Floor Finish
required
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & In-line joists w/ wood scab or metal tie
Wall Finishes strap
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 1-1/2” (38) minimum bearing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Wood Beam w/ Lapped or
Windows & Window Spliced Joists
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood scabs tie joists together,
maintain horizontal continuity of floor
structure and support subfloor
Nail scab to each joist
½” (13) space for joist shrinkage
Nailing plate secured w/ threaded rod

welded to beam flange; plate should be
Wood Frame & Light RC as thick as perimeter sill to equalize
2.0 shrikage
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Steel beam

Systems Steel Beam w/ Ledger
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings In-line joists w/ wood scab or metal
Paving and Slab on Grade tie strap
Floor Finish
1-1/2” (38) minimum bearing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2.9 Wood sill secured w/ threaded rod
Wall Framing System & welded to beam flange; sill should
Wall Finishes be as thick as perimeter sill to
Ceiling Framing System & equalize shrinkage
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 4” (100) minimum lap;
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Three 16d
Doors & Door Hardware Toenail w/ 10d
Windows & Window Steel Beam under Joists
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Double Beam with 2 x 8 Knee Brace

and Uplift Connectors
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Beam Attachment to Pile
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Spaced Beam with Wood Framing
Hardware Anchors and 4 x 4 Knee Brace
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Minimum Bolt Spacing
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction
Floor Joists Framing into Beams Supported with Either
Types of Wood Framing Framing Connectors or a Ledger Strip
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Floor Joist on Top of Beam Floor Joist Splice on Top
of Beam with Framing Anchor
Hardware with Framing Anchors
Miscellaneous
2.10 WALL FRAMING
SYSTEM & WALL FINISHES

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Sole Plate Anchorage

2.0 Embedment of Anchor Bolt Along
Construction
Raised Curb of Garage
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Allowances for the Notching and Boring of Wall Studs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous Corner Stud Detail
2.0
Construction

Systems Top Plate Corner Connection
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Framing System & Connection of Multi-Level Top
Ceiling Finishes Plate at Building Corner
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Top Plate Connection for Intersection of
Hardware
Interior Wall with Exterior Wall
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction
Top Plate to Stud Connection
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing Application of Wood Structural Panels at
Wood Stairs Building Corner
Stud to Sole Plate Connections
(Multi-Level Top Plate Intersection)
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Bay Window With a Top Plate and Exterior Walls Constructed in the Shape
Wall Finishes 2.10 Header Extending Across the of a Bay Window
Ceiling Framing System & Opening in the Plane of the Wall
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.11 CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM & CEILING
FINISHES

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes (Rizal Board)
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes 2.11
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING
TYPES
OF
TRUSSES
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 2.12
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
PARTS OF A TRUSS
Panel Length
Peak
Wood Frame & Light RC Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Top Chord

Slope
Systems Heel Pitch
Joints & Splicing Web
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Bottom Chord Splice
Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Span (Out to Out of Bearings)
System & Floor Finishes Cantilever
Wall Finishes Overhang Bottom Chord Length
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
TYPES OF RAFTERS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
CORRUGATED G.I. ROOFING

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
FOURTH
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
RIVETS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings WOOD
Paving and Slab on Grade PURLIN
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & LAY SHEETS IN
Ceiling Finishes SEQUENCE SHOWN
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
METAL SEAM ROOFING

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2”X2” BATTEN
CLEATS AT 12” O.C.
BATTEN SEAM
ROOFING
2”X2” WOOD
BATTENS AT
14” O.C.
2”X4” CLEAT
Wood Frame & Light RC 2”X2” WOOD

2.0 BATTENS AT
Construction 14” O.C.

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs FASCIA
Doors & Door Hardware FLASHING
Windows & Window

CLAY/ CEMENT
TILE ROOFING

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors BASKET
Isolated Footings STRAINER
Floor Finish
Posts
CROWN
Wood Floor Framing
MOULDING
Wall Framing System & 1”X14”
Wall Finishes FASCIA
Ceiling Framing System & BOARD
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.13 WOOD STAIRS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.14 DOORS AND DOOR HARDWARE
FLUSH/ PANEL WOOD DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 2.14
Windows & Window
SLIDING WOOD DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
ALUMINUM SWING DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
FLUSH HOLLOW
CORE DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
METAL LOUVRE DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM ROLL-UP
DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
DOOR HARDWARE:
HINGES

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing SOSS
System & Floor Finishes HINGE
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs INVISIBLE HINGE
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
DOOR HARDWARE:
LOCKS & LATCHES

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
DOOR HARDWARE:
LOCKS & LATCHES

Construction
2.0 TUBULAR LATCH
SET
Systems
Joints & Splicing TUBULAR DEAD LOCK CYLINDRICAL LOCK SET
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
DOOR HARDWARE:
OVERHEAD CLOSERS

2.0
Construction

Systems SURFACE TYPE MOUNTED ON HINGE SIDE OF DOOR
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 2.14 SURFACE TYPES MOUNTED ON STOP SIDE OF DOOR
Windows & Window (TO CLOSER OUT OF WEATHER, TO HIDE OR WHEN TRIM INTERFERES)
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing DOOR HARDWARE: FLOOR CLOSERS

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
DOOR HARDWARE:
PANIC EXIT MECHANISMS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
DOOR HARDWARE:
DOOR BOLTS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.15 WINDOWS AND WINDOW HARDWARE
STEEL CASEMENT WINDOW

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM JALOUSIE WINDOW

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM FRAMED WINDOW
6mm X 32mm
ANGULAR FRAME
6mm DEEP X 12mm

WIDE
ALUMINUM U-CLIP

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
2.16 MISCELLANEOUS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Miscellaneous 2.16 Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
END

1 Building Const 2

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BUILDING

Wood Frame & Light RC

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC DADO JOINT

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

FLEXIBLE BASE 1”-2” (25-51) sand

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Construction Joints – provide a

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing Bond Beam Detail

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

2. Built-up columns may be glue-

Types of Wood Framing

Steel U-plate or saddle 6” (150) minimum bearing

Wood Frame & Light RC Welded connection to

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Metal straps tie in-line joists

Toenail w/ 10d to beam

Three 16d @ each joist; avoid notching

½” (13) space for joist shrinkage

Nailing plate secured w/ threaded rod

Types of Wood Framing Steel beam

Types of Wood Framing Double Beam with 2 x 8 Knee Brace

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing