PURPOSIVE

Processes, Principles, and Ethics

Communication is a systemic
process in which people
interact with and through
symbols to create and
interpret meaning.

(Wood, 2012)
Communication is a systemic
process in which people
interact with and through
symbols to create and
interpret meaning.

(Wood, 2012)
PROCESS
– it is ongoing and always in motion, moving ever
forward and changing continually
SYSTEMIC

– it occurs within a system of interrelated parts

that affect one another
SYMBOLS

– language
– nonverbal behavior
– art
– music
– anything that abstractly signifies something
MEANING

– content level
– relationship level
Communication Principles
• Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and/or non-
verbal information between two or more people who can be
either the speaker or the receiver of messages.
• Communication is used to meet the purpose of a person.
• Communication can be verbal, non-verbal, visuals.
• Communication can be intended or unintended.
• Communication is a complex process.
Why is communication a complex process?
Communication is a complex process; it requires you to:

• know your audience

• determine your purpose
• identify your topic
• expect objections
• establish credibility with your target audience
• present information clearly and objectively
• develop a practical, useful way to seek for a feedback
What elements are involved in a
communication process?
Osgood and Schramm’s
Model
Elements of Communication
• Source / Sender
• Message
• Channel / Medium
• Receiver
• Encoding / decoding
• Feedback / effect
• Context
• Noise / barriers
Levels of Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Group Communication
• Organizational Communication
• Mass and Social Media Communication
• Public Communication
• Intercultural Communication
Communication Ethics
• Uphold integrity.
• Respect freedom of expression and diversity of perspective.
• Understand and respect other communicators before evaluating
and responding to their messages.
• Promote access to communication resources and opportunities.
• Respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual
communicators.
Communication Ethics
• Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity.
• Be courageous to express personal convictions in pursuit of
fairness and justice.
• Share information, opinions, and feelings while also respecting
privacy and confidentiality.
• Be responsible of our own communication and expect the same of
others.
Guidelines for Effective Communication
• Be clear with your purpose.
• Support your message with facts.
• Be concise.
• Provide specific information in your feedback.
• Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and beliefs of your audience.
• Observe communication ethics.
• Be your natural self and appear very confident.
Types of Communication
Communication

Verbal Nonverbal Visual

Kinesics Artifacts Haptics

Oral Written
Proxemics Physical Appearance
Chronemics Environmental Factors
Paralanguage Silence
Principles of Verbal Communication
• Interpretation creates meaning.
• Communication is rule guided. (Regulative, Constitutive)
• Punctuation affects meaning
• Symbolic activities: define, evaluate, allow hypothetical thought,
allow self-reflection
Principles of Non-Verbal Communication
• Similar to and different from Verbal Communication
• Supplements or replaces verbal communication (repeat, highlight,
complement or add, contradict, substitute)
• Regulates interaction
• Establishes relationship-level meaning (responsiveness, liking, power)
• Reflects cultural values
Types of Nonverbal Communication
 Kinesics
Kinesics is body
position and body
motions, including
those of the face.
Our body express a great deal about how we
see ourselves.
 Haptics
Haptics is
physical touch.
 Physical
Appearance
Artifacts
Artifacts are personal objects with which
we announce our identities and
personalize our environments.
Proxemics
Proxemics is
space and how
we use it.
Environmental
Factors
Environmental
Factors are
elements of
settings that
affect how we
feel and act.
Chronemics
Chronemics is
how we
perceive and
use time to
define identities
and interaction.
 Paralanguage is vocal
Paralanguage communication that
does not involve words.

(sounds: murmurs and gasps;

vocal qualities: volume, rhythm,
pitch, speed)
Silence