Course : ISYS6037 – Manufacturing Information System

Effective Period : September 2018

Overview of Manufacturing
Information System

Session 1
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

M P Groover. 2013. Principles of Modern

Manufacturing. 5/e. John Wiley & Sons.
 TOPICS
1. What is Manufacturing?
2. Materials in Manufacturing
3. Manufacturing Processes
4. Production Systems
5. Manufacturing Economics
6. Recent Developments in Manufacturing
7. Material Properties and Product Atributes
8. The Nature of Materials
9. Atomic Strukture and the Elements
10. Bonding between Atoms and Molecules
 What is Manufacturing??

• The word manufacturing is centuries old

and derived from two Latin words manus
(hand) and factus (make); the combination
means by hand. Hence manufacturing
literally means made by hand.

• Although modern manufacturing is

accomplished by automated and
computer-controlled machinery the word
manufacturing is still in use.
Manufacturing Defined

Figure 1.1 (a) Manufacturing

as a technical process

Figure 1.1 (b) Manufacturing

as an economic process
 Materials in Manufacturing

• Most engineering materials can be classified

into one of the three basic categories: (1)
Metals, (2) Ceramics and (3) Polymers.

• They have different chemistries and their

mechanical and physical properties are
dissimilar.

• These differences affect the manufacturing

processes that can be used to produce
products from them.

• In addition, there are (4) Composites:

nonhomogenious mixtures of the other three
basic types rather than a unique category.
• The relationship of the four groups is pictured in the following
figure.

Figure 1.3 Venn diagram of three basic material types plus

composites.
 Materials in Manufacturing

• Cast iron: Iron-Carbon alloy containing 2 to 4

wt.% C.

• Used primarily in sand casting.

• Other elements such as Si (0.5 to 3 wt.%) is

present in the alloy. Other elements are often
added as well.

• Gray cast iron is the most common type of cast

iron; its applications include blocks and heads
for internal combustion engines, manholes
covers, etc.
 Materials in Manufacturing

[2] Ceramics: A compound containing metallic (or semimetallic)

and nonmetallic (O, N and C) elements.

• Traditional ceramics: Been used for thousands of years. They

include: clay (consists of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicate
and other minerals used in making brick, tile and pottery); silica (the
basis of nearly all glass products); and alumina and silicon carbide
(abrasive materials used in grinding).

• Modern ceramics: Consists of alumina of enhanced properties.

Newer ceramics include carbides, metal carbides such as tungsten
and titanium carbides (used as cutting tool materials); and nitrides
(e.g. titanium nitride and boron nitride, used as cutting tools and
grinding abrasives).

• For processing purposes, ceramics can be divided into (1)

crystalline ceramics and (2) amorphous ceramics (glasses). The
former are formed in various ways from powders and then sintered,
while the later can be melted and cast and then formed (e.g. glass
blowing).
 Materials in Manufacturing

[3] Polymers: A compound formed of repeating structural

units called mers, whose atoms share electrons to form
very large molecules. They consist of carbon plus one or
more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and chlorine. They are divided into three categories:

• Thermoplastic polymers: can be subjected to multiple

heating and cooling cycles without altering molecular
structure; e.g. polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride
and nylon.

• Thermosetting polymers: molecules chemically transform

(cure) into a rigid structure upon cooling from a heated
plastic condition; e.g. epoxies and amino resins.

• Elastomers: they exhibit significant elastic behavior; e.g.

silicon and rubber.
 Materials in Manufacturing

[4] Composites: A mixtures of the other three basic types. A composite

is a material consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately
and then bonded together to achieve properties superior to its constituents.

• Phase: Homogeneous mass of material, such as grains of identical unit cell

structure in a solid metal.

• The usual structure of a composite material consists of particles or fibers of

one phase mixed in a second phase, called the matrix.

• Composites are found in nature (wood) and they can be produced

synthetically (fiber-reinforced plastic).

• Properties depend on its components, physical shapes of components, and

the way they are combined to form the final material. Some composites
combine high strength and light weight and are used as aircraft components,
car bodies, etc. Other composites are strong and hard, and capable of
maintaining these properties at high temperatures; e.g. cemented carbide
cutting tools.
 Manufacturing Processes

• Manufacturing processes can be divided into

two basic types:

1. Processing operations: transforms a work

material from one state of completion to a more
advanced state closer to the final desired
product. It adds value by changing geometry,
properties or appearance of the starting material.

2. Assembly operations: joins two or more

components in order to create a new entity
called an assembly, subassembly, etc.
Manufacturing Processes

Figure 1.4
Classification of
manufacturing
processes
 Manufacturing Processes

• Processing operations: use energy to alter a workpart’s

shape, physical properties or appearance in order to add
value to the material. There are three categories of
processing operations:

1. Shaping operations: alter the geometry of the work

material by methods including casting, forging and
machining.

2. Property-enhancing operations: add value to the material

by improving its physical properties without changing its
shape; e.g. Heat treatment.

3. Surface processing operations: performed to clean, treat,

coat or deposit material onto the exterior surface of the
work. Examples for coating are plating and painting.
 Manufacturing Processes

• Shaping processes: change the geometry of a work

material by application of heat or mechanical force or a
combination of both. It can be classified into four
categories:
1. Solidification processes: the starting material is a heated
liquid or semifluid that cools or solidifies to form the part
geometry.
2. Particulate processing: the starting material is a powder,
and the powders are formed and heated into the desired
geometry.
3. Deformation processes: the starting material is a ductile
solid that is deformed to shape the part.
4. Material removal processes: the starting material is a solid,
from which material is removed so that the resulting part
has the desired geometry.
 Manufacturing Processes

• Solidification process: starting material is heated

sufficiently to transform it to the liquid state. With
the material (metals, plastics and ceramic
glasses) in the liquid state, it can be poured into
a mold cavity and allowed to solidify , thus taking
a solid shape that is the same as the cavity.

Figure 1.5 Casting

(metals) and molding
(plastics) processes.
 Manufacturing Processes

• Particulate processing: Starting materials are

powders of metals or ceramics. The powders are
then pressed and sintered. The powders are first
squeezed into a die cavity under a high pressure
and then heated to bond the individual particles
together.

Figure 1.6 Particulate processing.

(1) Starting material (2) Pressing
and (3) Sintering.
 Production Systems

• Production systems: systems that manufacturing firms must have in order

to accomplish its type of production effectively. These systems consist of
people, equipment and procedures designed for the combination of
materials and processes that constitute a firm’s manufacturing operation.

• Production systems can be divided into two categories:

1. Production facilities: the physical equipment and its arrangement in the

factory.

2. Manufacturing support systems: procedures used by the company to

manage production and solve the technical and logistics problems
encountered in ordering materials, moving work through the factory and
ensuring that products meet quality standards.

 Both categories include people, people make these system work.

 Production Systems

• Production facilities: consist of the factory, production equipment

and material handling equipment.

• The equipment comes in direct contact with the part being made.

• The facilities “touch” the product and include the way the equipment
is arranged in the factory (the plant layout).

• The equipment is usually organized into logical groupings

(manufacturing systems); e.g. automated production line, or a
machine cell consisting of an industrial robot and two machine tools.

• Production facilities have come to be recognized as the most

appropriate way to organize for a given type of manufacturing (the
combination of product variety and production quantity). Hence,
different facilities are required for each of the three quantity ranges.
 Production Systems

(1) Low-Quantity Production: This type is described as job shop

(range 1 to 100 units/year). Produces specialized and customized.
The equipment is job shop is general purpose and the labor force is
highly skilled.

• Products are usually complex; e.g. space capsules, prototype

aircrafts and special machinery. If product is large and heavy (say
an aircraft), it remains in its place and the workers and equipment
are brought to the product “fixed position layout”.

• The individual components of these large products (say aircraft

components) are often made in factories in which the equipment is
arranged according to function or type “process layout”.

• Due to hard product variety, a job shop must be designed for

maximum flexibility.
 Production Systems

(2) Medium-Quantity Production: (range 100 to 10,000 units/year). Two

approaches depending on the product variety:

- Batch production:

* in case of hard product variety.

* a batch of one product is made.

* when the batch is produced, the manufacturing system is changed over to produce
a batch of the next product. (disadvantage: time wasting as setup time is required).

* commonly used for make-to-stock situations, in which items are manufactured to

replenish inventory (compensate for products) that has been gradually depleted by
demand.

* The equipment is usually arranged in a process layout.

 Production Systems

- Cellular manufacturing:

* in case of soft product variety.

* excessive changeovers are not necessary (less time wasted

compared to batch production).

* called cellular since the processing or assembly of different parts is

accomplished in cells consisting of several work stations or
machines.

* the cellular manufacturing uses cellular layout (group technology

layout).
 Production Systems

(3) High Production: referred to as Mass Production (range

10,000 to millions of units/year). Two categories of mass production can be
categorized:

- Quantity production:

* involves the mass production of single parts on single pieces of equipment.

* it involves standard machines (such as stamping presses) equipped with

special tooling (e.g. dies and material handling devices).

* hence, dedicating the equipment to the production of one part type.

* Typical layouts used in quantity production are the process layout and
cellular layout.
 Production Systems

- Flow line production:

* involves multiple pieces of equipment or workstations arranged in

sequence, and the work units are physically moved through the sequence to
complete the product.

* the layout is called product layout, and the workstations are arranged
into one long line, or into a series of connected line segments.

* e.g. the assembly line associated with products such as cars and
household appliances.

* flow line productions can be classed into a single-model production line

and a mixed-model production line. The former is the most familiar
example of flow line production, where in the pure case of flow line
production there is no variation in the products, while in the later, there is
soft variety in the products made on the line
 Production Systems

• Manufacturing Support Systems (MSS): A company must organize itself to

design the processes and equipment, plan and control production, and
satisfy product quality requirements.

• These functions are accomplished by MSS, people and procedures by

which a company manages its production operations.

• MSS are carried out by people organized into departments such as the
following:

1. Manufacturing engineering: responsible for (a) planning the

manufacturing processes and (b) designing and ordering the machine tools.

2. Production planning and control: responsible for solving the logistics

problems in manufacturing.

3. Quality control: making sure that products are of high quality.

Manufacturing Economics
Classification of Economics
Manufacturing Economics
Manufacturing Economics
Manufacturing Economics
Manufacturing Economics
Manufacturing Economics
 Recent Developments in
Manufacturing
Principles and Process Systems for Membrane
Emulsification

Membrane emulsification (ME) methods reported so far in the literature are

depicted schematically in Fig. 3. In conventional direct ME (Fig. 3 (a)), fine
droplets are formed in situ at the membrane/continuous phase interface by
pressing a pure disperse phase through the membrane. In order to ensure a
regular droplet detachment from the pore outlets, shear stress is generated at
the membrane/continuous phase interface by recirculating the continuous
phase using a low shear pump (Fig. 4 (a)) [2] or by agitation in a stirring vessel
-6- [77] (Fig. 4 (b)).
 Recent Developments in
Manufacturing

Particle Manufacture
• There have been a few review papers available in the
literature, describing various novel techniques for making
emulsions and particulates. Williams [76] listed some of
the engineering and technological challenges which could
be facing researchers in manufacturing "designer
particles" in large quantities.
 Recent Developments in
Manufacturing

Single emulsion production

• Single emulsion production by direct method is still the
most investigated system for membrane emulsification
applications. Table 4 lists some of the case studies
recently reported in the literature. To allow continuous and
optimal production of monodispersed emulsions, the
affinities between the membrane surface, disperse and
continuous phases and the electrical charge on the
functional groups of emulsifiers must be considered
carefully. For a preparation of O/W emulsions, hydrophilic
membranes must be used.
 Material Properties and Product
Atributes

The Life-Cycle Model

 Material Properties and
Product Atributes
The Process Model
Dependent „Eigenschaften“ of a
product in the operator role (use
phase)
Dependent „Eigenschaften“ of a
product in the operand role (all
phases without use phase)
 REFERENCE

• M P Groover. 2013. Principles of Modern Manufacturing. 5/e.

John Wiley & Sons.
 ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS

1. What are the differences between primary, secondary,

and tertiary industries? Give an example of each
category.
2. How are product variety and production quantity
related when comparing typical factories?
3. What is the difference between a consumer good and
a capital good? Give some examples in each
category.
4. Name two departments that are typically classified as
manufacturing support departments
5. What is the difference between fixed costs and
variable costs?