 STRUCTURAL/ STATIS

1. DUDUK
2. BERDIRI

 FUCTIONAL/ DINAMIS
1. JANGKAUAN
 ALAT UKUR : ANTROPOMETER

PENGGUNAAN DATA
 PERCENTILE : 5th & 95th PERCENTILE
HEIGHT
 (MEAN – SD) 1.64 = 5th ILE
 (MEAN + SD) 1.64 = 95TH ILE
 DIMENSI MINIMAL, PERCENTILE MAX
 DIMENSI MAXIMAL, PERCENTIL MIN
• Warning signs are used to warn against hazards.
• They often carry a complex message, because it
is necessary to convey what the hazards are and
what the person should do to avoid them.
• Make sure that warning signs are easily
understood by workers.
• Lengthy warning signs are in fact not read by all
workers.
• It is important to choose compact but easy-to
understand messages.
1. Use a warning sign that contains four essential
elements:
a. A signal word – to convey the gravity of the risk,
for example “Danger”,“Warning” or “Caution”.
“Danger” is the most severe signal word and
“Caution” the least.
b. The hazard – the nature of the hazard.
c. The consequence – what could possibly happen.
d. An instruction – what is the appropriate
behaviour to avoid the hazard.
2. Ensure that the appropriate signal word – such
as “Danger”, “Warning” or “Caution” – is used.
Also make sure that the descriptions of the
nature of the hazard and the consequences are
appropriate. Check if the instruction to workers
about what to do is clear enough.
3. Get workers to evaluate existing warning signs.
You will gain many useful suggestions.
4. The effectiveness of warning signs can be
enhanced by symbols.An example of a good
warning sign
• Note that short messages are more effective
than long ones.
• General warning signs, such as those that merely
say “Danger”,“Look out” or “Warning”, are not
effective. They are too general, and people do
not understand what to do.
• Written warning signs assume that workers are
able to read. When easy-to-understand symbols
are available, use both symbols and written
signs.
1. To achieve orderliness.
2. To indicate safety devices.
3. To generate contrasts that make work easier.
4. To psychologically affect people.
 Colour Distance effect Temperature Mental effect
effect
Blue Further away Cold Restful
Green Further away Cold to neutral Very restful
Red Closer Warm Very stimulating not
restful
Orange Much closer Very warm Exciting
Yellow Closer Very warm Exciting
Brown Much closer, Neutral Cold Restful Aggressive;
Violet Much closer unrestful, tiring
• It is a good idea to provide a few eye-catchers in a
workplace, marking such things as the more important
handles, levers, control-wheels, knobs and so on.
• If the eye-catchers are small, not more than a few square
centimetres in area, they should contrast strongly, not
only in colour but also in brightness.
• Colour codes make the controls easier to find, reducing
the time taken to search for them and hence reducing the
diversion of attention from the work itself.
• The human eye sees the greatest colour contrast between
yellow and black because the brain adds together the
effect of colour and intensity.