EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

S.DURGA(38350001)
M.E,APPLIED ELECTRONICS
What is an embedded system?

 Embedded means something that is attached to

another thing.
 An embedded system can be thought of as a
computer hardware system having software
embedded in it.
 An embedded system can be an independent
system or it can be a part of a large system.
 An embedded system is a microcontroller or
microprocessor based system which is designed to
perform a specific task.
 For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it
will sense only smoke.
Components of embedded systems

There are different hardware components,

 Processor
 Memory
 Timers
 Serial communication ports
 Interrupt controller
 Ports
 Power supply and Oscillator circuit
 Input/Output interfacing circuits
Applications of embedded systems

 Vehicle control systems for automobiles, ships,

railways, airplanes etc.
 Telephones, radio and satellite communications.
 Medical systems for radiation therapy, heart
treatments, patient monitoring etc.
 Military operations such as firing of missiles, military
control bases etc.
 Multimedia systems that provides graphic, video,
audio and text interfaces.
 Building control systems that manage heat,doors,
elevators etc.
Applications of embedded systems
Applications of embedded systems

 Space operations such as spaceship launch and

monitoring, space station control.
 Latest Smart Tvs
 Almost all Modern Day Smart Phones
 Industries (Assembly Robots)
 GPS Navigation Systems
 Systems with artificial intelligence and robotics.
Microcontrollers

8051:
 8051 manufactured in 1985.It is an 8-bit
microcontroller.
 The instruction set of 8051 has 250 instructions.
 The speed of the 8051 microcontroller is 1 million
instructions per second.
 8051 has powerful instruction set.
 It has commands which perform more complex
calculations.
INTEL 8051

 The ALU of the 8051 makes computations simple. In

8051 family there is no inbuilt memory bus and A/D
converters.
 8051 microcontroller has 32 I/O pins, timers/counters,
interrupts and UART’s.
FEATURES:
 8 – bit CPU with two Registers A (Accumulator) and B.
 Internal ROM of 8K Bytes.
 Internal RAM of 256 Bytes.
 32 I/O Pins (Input / Output Pins) – Arranged as 4 Ports: P0, P1,
P2 and P3.
INTEL 8051

 8- bit Stack Pointer (SP) and Processor Status Word

(PSW).
 16 – bit Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR).
 Two 16 – bit Timers / Counters – T0 and T1.
 Control Registers – SCON, PCON, TCON, TMOD, IP and
IE.
 Serial Data Transmitter and Receiver for Full – Duplex
Operation – SBUF.
 Interrupts: Two External and Three Internal.
 Oscillator and Clock Circuit.
PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051
PIC 16F877A

FEATURES:
 Operating speed: 20 MHz, 200 ns instruction
cycle
 Operating voltage: 4.0-5.5V
 15 Interrupt Sources
 35 single-word instructions
 All single-cycle instructions except for program
branches (two-cycle)
 Flash Memory: 14.3 Kbytes (8192 words)
PIC 16F877A
PIC 16F877A

 Data SRAM: 368 bytes

 Data EEPROM: 256 bytes
 Self-reprogrammable under software control
 In-Circuit Serial Programming via two pins (5V)
 Watchdog Timer
 Power-saving Sleep mode
 33 I/O pins; 5 I/O ports
 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scalar
 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with pre-scalar
PIC 16F877A

 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register,

pre-scalar and post-scalar
 Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
 Synchronous Serial Port with two modes:
1 . SPI Master
2 . I2C Master and Slave
 USART/SCI with 9-bit address detection
 Parallel Slave Port (PSP).8 bits wide with external
RD, WR and CS controls
 Brown-Out Reset
 10-bit, 8-channel A/D Converter
PIN DIAGRAM OF 16F877A
 ARDUINO UNO

 The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller

board based on the Microchip Atmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.
 The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards.
 The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and
programmable with the Arduino IDE.
 It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-
volt battery.
ARDUINO UNO
MPLAB

 Microchip has a large suite of software and hardware

development tools integrated within one software
package called MPLAB IDE.
 MPLAB IDE is a free, integrated toolset for the
development of embedded applications.
 It is called an Integrated Development Environment,
or IDE, because it provides a single integrated
environment to develop code for embedded
microcontrollers.
Steps to create a project in MPLAB

 Open MPLAB IDE v8.56.

 From the 'Projects' tab, select the first option ‘Project
Wizard’.
 Click on 'Next' in the welcome window that appears
 Select the desired PIC which you need to program or
build your project on and click on 'Next‘
 Select the active tool suite you require ,among the
list of tool suites given(Usually the HI-TECH
Universal tool suite is preferred ,if installed)
 Check if the Tool Suite contents listed contains a
compiler suiting your programming needs and click
'Next‘
Steps cont…

 Create a new project file at your desired location in

the desired name.
 Take care that the project file is saved in the '*.mcp'
format and click 'Next’.
 In the next window , add any files you desire to add
to your new project ,if required ,else just skip this
step by clicking 'Next'.
 Now click 'finish' and your new project is created.
 Now select the 'New' option from the 'File' tab.
Steps cont…

 Select 'Save as' option from the 'File' tab and save the
new file in the same folder in which you have created the
project by selecting a suitable option from 'save as
type'(depending on which type of program you're doing).
 Example: C Source Files if you're doing programming in
C
 Assembly Source Files if you're doing programming in
ASSEMBLY language etc...
 Go to the 'Project' tab and select the option 'Add Files To
The Project' and add the file saved in the previous step.
 Begin programming in the file.
PROTEUS SOFTWARE

 Proteus is a software suite containing schematic,

simulation as well as PCB designing.
 ISIS is the software used to draw schematics and
simulate the circuits in real time.
 ISIS has wide range of components in its library.
 It has sources, signal generators,measurement and
analysis tools like oscilloscope, voltmeter, ammeter
etc., probes for real time monitoring of the
parameters of microcontrollers, processors, sensors
etc.
PROTEUS SOFTWARE

 The simulation allows human access during run

time,thus providing realtime simulation.
Steps for starting new design:
 Open ISIS software and select New design in a File
menu
 A dialogue box appears to save the current design.
However, we are creating a new design file so you
can click Yes or No depending on the content of the
present file.
 Then a Pop-Up appears asking to select the
template. It is similar to selecting the paper size
while printing.
Steps cont…

 For now select default or according to the layout size

of the circuit.
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it
according to your wish,it is better to create a new
folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design. However,it is not mandatory.
 To Select components, Click on the component
mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries.
 Select the components from categories or type the
part name in Keywords text.
Interfacing LCD with 16F877A

Pin diagram of LCD

OUTPUT
CONCLUSION

The world of embedded systems is a dreamer’s

paradise with unlimited possibilities. Imagine you
control all the systems around you just by a simple
gesture and the things respond to you as if it was
some magic. This could be possible with embedded
systems. The demand for embedded systems is, in
fact, rising in integrated embedded solutions across
various industry verticals. As it is clearly evident, this
internship has helped me to explore in the field of
embedded system. It also helped me to come across
MPLAB and Proteus software.
THANK YOU