Cellular Respiration

Stage 1:
Glycolysis

AP Biology 2007-2008
 What’s the
point?

The point
is to make
ATP!

ATP
AP Biology 2007-2008
 Glycolysis
 Breaking down glucose
 “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar) In the
cytosol?
glucose      pyruvate Why does
that make
6C 2x 3C evolutionary
sense?

 ancient pathway which harvests energy

 where energy transfer first evolved
 transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
 still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
 but it’s inefficient
 generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
 occurs in cytosol That’s not enough
AP Biology ATP for me!
 Evolutionary perspective
Enzymes
 Prokaryotes of glycolysis are
 first cells had no organelles “well-conserved”

 Anaerobic atmosphere
 life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2)
in atmosphere
 energy had to be captured from organic molecules
in absence of O2
 Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors
of all modern life
 ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
You mean
we’re related?
Do I have to invite
them over for
AP Biology the holidays?
 glucose
Overview C-C-C-C-C-C
enzyme 2 ATP
10 reactions
enzyme 2 ADP
 convert fructose-1,6bP
glucose (6C) to P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
2 pyruvate (3C) enzyme enzyme
enzyme
 produces: DHAP G3P
4 ATP & 2 NADH P-C-C-C C-C-C-P 2 NAD+
2H
 consumes: 2Pi enzyme
2
2 ATP enzyme

 net yield: 2Pi 4 ADP

enzyme
2 ATP & 2 NADH
pyruvate 4 ATP
DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
AP Biology
G3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate C-C-C
 Glycolysis summary
ENERGY INVESTMENT endergonic
invest some ATP

-2 ATP
G3P
ENERGY PAYOFF C-C-C-P exergonic
harvest a little
4 ATP
ATP & a little NADH
like $$
in the
bank

NET YIELD net yield

2 ATP
AP Biology 2 NADH
 1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
CH2OH
Glucose “priming” Glucose
1
O
ATP
hexokinase
 get glucose ready ADP CH2 O P
O
to split Glucose 6-phosphate
2
 phosphorylate phosphoglucose
CH2 O P
isomerase
glucose O CH2OH
Fructose 6-phosphate
 molecular 3
ATP
rearrangement phosphofructokinase
P O CH2 CH2 O P
ADP O
 split destabilized Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
glucose 4,5 aldolase
H
P O CH2 isomerase
C O
C O Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde 3
CHOH
CH2OH phosphate -phosphate (G3P)
CH2 O P
NAD+ Pi 6 Pi NAD+
NADH glyceraldehyde NADH
3-phosphate P O O
dehydrogenase
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate CHOH
AP Biology
(BPG) (BPG) CH2 O P
 2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
DHAP G3P
Energy Harvest P-C-C-C C-C-C-P
NAD+ Pi Pi NAD+
6
 NADH production NADH NADH
 G3P donates H ADP 7 ADP
phosphoglycerate O-
 oxidizes the sugar ATP
kinase ATP C
 reduces NAD+ 3-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate CHOH
 NAD+  NADH (3PG) (3PG) CH2 O P
8
O-
 ATP production phosphoglycero-
mutase C O
 G3P    pyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate H C O P
 PEP sugar donates P (2PG) (2PG) CH2OH

 “substrate level H2O

9
enolase H2O
O-

phosphorylation” C O
O
 ADP  ATP Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate
C
CH2
P
(PEP) (PEP)
10 O-
ADP ADP
Payola! pyruvate kinase
ATP
C O

Finally some
ATP
C O
AP Biology ATP! Pyruvate Pyruvate CH3
 Substrate-level Phosphorylation
 In the last steps of glycolysis, where did
the P come from to make ATP?
 the sugar substrateH O(PEP) enolase
2
9
H2O
O-
C O
C O P
P is transferred Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP) CH2

from PEP to ADP ADP 10 ADP

O-

kinase enzyme ATP

pyruvate kinase
ATP
C
C O
O

ADP  ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate CH3

ATP

I get it!
The Pi came
directly from
the substrate!
AP Biology
 Energy accounting of glycolysis
2 ATP 2 ADP

glucose      pyruvate
6C 2x 3C

4 ADP 4 ATP All that work!

And that’s all
I get?
2 NAD+ 2 But
glucose has
so much more
 Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADH to give!
 some energy investment (-2 ATP)
 small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)
AP 1Biology
6C sugar  2 3C sugars
 Is that all there is?
 Not a lot of energy…
 for 1 billon years+ this is how life on
Earth survived
 no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction
 only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
 more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest

O2 O2 glucose     pyruvate
6C 2x 3C
O2
Hard way
O2 to make
a living!
AP Biology O2
 But can’t stop there! DHAP G3P
NAD+ Pi Pi NAD+

raw materials  products NADH

NAD+ Pi 6 Pi NADH
NAD+

NADH 1,3-BPG 1,3-BPG NADH

ADP 7 ADP

ATP
Glycolysis ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG) (3PG)
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+  2 pyruvate + 2ATP
8 + 2NADH

2-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate
 Going to run out of NAD+ (2PG)
9
(2PG)

H2O H2O
 without regenerating NAD+,
energy production would stop! Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP) (PEP)
 another molecule must accept HADP 10 ADP
from NADH ATP ATP

 so
AP Biology NAD+ is freed up for another round Pyruvate Pyruvate
 How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
with oxygen without oxygen
Another molecule aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration
must accept H pyruvate
“fermentation”
from NADH
H2O NAD+
CO2

O2 NADH NADH acetaldehyde

recycle acetyl-CoA NADH

NAD+
NADH
lactate NAD+
lactic acid
fermentation
which path you Krebs
cycle ethanol
use depends on alcohol
who you are…
AP Biology fermentation
 Fermentation (anaerobic)
 Bacteria, yeast
pyruvate  ethanol + CO2
3C 2C 1C
NADH NAD+
back to glycolysis
 beer, wine, bread

 Animals, some fungi

pyruvate  lactic acid
3C 3C
NADH NAD+back to glycolysis

AP Biology cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)
 bacteria
Alcohol Fermentation yeast
recycle
pyruvate  ethanol + CO2 NADH
3C 2C 1C
NADH NAD+ back to glycolysis

 Dead end process

 at ~12% ethanol,
kills yeast
 can’t reverse the
reaction
Count the
carbons!

AP Biology
 animals
some fungi
Lactic Acid Fermentation recycle
O2
pyruvate  lactic acid

NADH
3C 3C
NADH NAD+ back to glycolysis

 Reversible process
 once O2 is available,
lactate is converted
back to pyruvate by
the liver

Count the
carbons!

AP Biology
 Pyruvate is a branching point
Pyruvate

O2 O2

fermentation
anaerobic
respiration
mitochondria
Krebs cycle
aerobic respiration

AP Biology
 What’s the
point?

The point
is to make
ATP!

ATP
AP Biology 2007-2008
 H+
H+ H+ H+
And how do we do that? H + H+
H+ H+

 ATP synthase
 set up a H+ gradient
 allow H+ to flow

through ATP synthase

 powers bonding

of Pi to ADP
ADP + P

ADP + Pi  ATP ATP

H+

But… Have we done that yet?

AP Biology
 NO!
There’s still more
to my story!
Any Questions?

AP Biology 2007-2008