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Introduction
• Functions of Transmission
– To provide a means to vary the torque ratio by set of gears
between the engine and the road wheels as required. That is to
provide the high torque at the time of starting, hill climbing,
accelerating and pulling a load since high tractive effort is
needed
– It permits engine crankshaft to rotate at high speed, while the
wheels turn at slower speeds and Vehicle speed can be changed
keeping engine speed same with certain limit
– To provide a neutral position so that the engine and road wheel
are disconnected even with the clutch is in engaged position
– To provide a means of reverse the car by reversing the direction
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of rotation of the drive.
Necessity of Transmission
• To vary the torque to overcome the various resistance acting
against the vehicle motion at various speeds
• To vary the tractive effort of the vehicle available at various
speeds in order to overcome the various resistance
• to start the vehicle from rest, with the engine running
continuously
• To Stop the vehicle by disconnecting the drive when appropriate
• Total resistance consists of
– Wind resistance
– Gradient Resistance
– Rolling Resistance
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Necessity of Transmission
IV- level
1 Gear
III- level
Tractive Effort and Total Resistance
2nd Gear
II- level
I- level
3rd Gear
o A B C
Speed
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Necessity of Transmission
• Let the vehicle is traveling on a top gear and the total resistance is
taken curve-I
– OB is the stabilizing speed
– The speed below OB (OA) give acceleration
– The speed beyond OB (OC) gives deceleration
• If the vehicle negotiate the curve-III obstacle
• The top gear curve does not cross curve-III, i.e the vehicle can not
go at this gear to overcome the give resistance
• If the gear shifted to the 2nd gear
– OA is the stabilizing speed
• Similarly with the 2nd gear not possible to negotiate the curve-IV
resistance, for which the 1 st gear has to be selected
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Gearbox Designs
Calculation of Gear Ratios
The speed and traction equations can be used to calculate the gear
ratios of a gearbox as well as vehicle performance.
Theoretically the engine should work at its maximum power to
have the best performance.
All automotive transmissions are equipped with:
a varied number of forward speed gears,
a neutral gear, and
one reverse speed.
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Overdrive: reduces engine speed at a given vehicle speed, which
increases top speed, improves fuel economy, and lowers engine
noise.
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Selecting the gear ratios for the intermediate gears
• To determine the middle gear ratios, there are two
recommended methods:
1. Geometric ratios
2. Progressive ratios
• The method for selecting the gear ratios for the intermediate
gears between the highest and the lowest is, to a great extent,
dependent upon the type of vehicle.
• For heavy commercial vehicles, the gear ratios are usually
arranged in a geometric ratio.
– The basis for this is to have the engine operating within the
same speed range in each gear.
– This would ensure that in each gear, the operating fuel
economy is similar.
• For instance, for a four-speed gearbox, the following
relationship can be established:
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• If the ratio of the highest gear ξn, and that of the lowest
gear ξ1, have been determined, and the number of speeds
in the gearbox ng, is known, the factor Kg can be
determined by:
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Exercise
3. Sketch a section through which a constant mesh gear box with four
speed and explain how the different gear ratios will be obtained in
the following cases.
– Gear ratios on top gear 1:1
– Gear ratios on 3rd gear 1.38:1
– Gear ratios on 2nd gear 2.24:1
– Gear ratios on 1st gear 3.8:1
• Assume countershaft speed is half that of the engine speed and
smallest gear is not to have less than 15 teeth.
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GEAR TRAINS
A gear train is two or more gear working together by meshing their teeth and
turning each other in a system to generate power and speed.
It reduces or increases speed and torque
Types of gear train:
a) Simple gear train
b) Compound gear train
c) Planetary gear train
d) Riveted Gear train
For any gear, the pitch diameter is
proportional to the number of teeth (T)
The speeds of the gears are inversely
related to the diameter.
Torque is proportional to pitch diameter
𝑇𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝐷𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝝎𝐼𝑛 Number of Out put Gear teeth
𝑇𝐼𝑛
= -
𝐷𝐼𝑛
=-
𝑁𝐼𝑛
=-
𝝎𝑂𝑢𝑡
GearRatio
Number of input Gear teeth
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1. Simple Gear Train
The most common of the gear train is the gear pair connecting parallel
shafts. The teeth of this type can be spur or helical .
Only one gear may rotate about a single axis Input shaft
Driven gear = 10
teeth
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2. Compound Gear Train
For large velocities, compound arrangement is preferred
Two or more gears may rotate about a single axis
• Multiple simple gear trains in series
• Each set of gears generates an individual ratio
• Multiply individual ratios together to work out overall ratio.
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Compound Gear Ratios
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Compound gear train
𝑁1 𝑇2
=
𝑁2 𝑇1
𝑁3 𝑇4
=
𝑁4 𝑇3
𝑁5 𝑇6
=
𝑁6 𝑇5
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3. Reverted Gear Train
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Reverted gear train
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Example
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4. Epicyclic gear train
Epi means Upon and
Cyclic means Around.
• In epicyclic gear train the axis of the shafts over which the gears
are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.
• The epicyclic gear trains may be simple or compound.
• The epicyclic gear trains are useful for transmitting high velocity
ratios with gears of moderate size in a comparatively lesser space.
• They are used in Lathe, Automatic transmission, differentials and
pulley blocks etc.
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Simple Epicyclic gear train
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Simple planetary gear operation
Power Power Rotational
Held Rotational direction
input output Speed Torque
Sun gear Carrier Reduced Increased The same direction
Ring gear
Carrier Sun gear Increased Reduced as drive member
Ring gear Carrier Reduced Increased The same direction
Sun gear
Carrier Ring gear Increased Reduced as drive member
Sun gear Ring gear Reduced Increased Opposite direction as
Carrier
Ring gear Sun gear Increased Reduced drive member
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Example
• The gearing of machine tool is shown as figure below. The
motor shaft is connected to gear A and rotates at 975
rpm. The gear wheels B,C,D and E are fixed to parallel
shaft. Determine the speed of gear F. the number of teeth
on each gear are shown as table below.
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Examples
1. If number of ring gear teeth is 56 and sun gear is 24,
determine gear ratio when the sun gear is fixed and
ring gear operates as the input member .
2. Based on question number 1, calculate the gear ratio
when carrier is used as input member and the ring
gear is the output member.
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Examples
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4. An Epicyclic gear train has sun and annulus gears with 28
and 56 teeth respectively. If the input speed from the
engine drives the sun shaft at 3000 rev/min, determine
– (a) the number of planet-gear teeth,
– (b) the overall gear ratio, and
– (c) the pinion carrier-shaft output speed.
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Solution
(a) the number of planet-gear teeth
TA=TS+2TP
TA TS
TP
2
56 28 28
14 Teeth
2 2