Routing-3 V Imp

Channel Routing
Continuity equation • Simulate the movement of water through a channel

• Used to predict the magnitudes, volumes, and
Hydrologic Routing temporal patterns of the flow (often a flood wave)
Hydraulic Routing as it translates down a channel.
• 2 types of routing : hydrologic and hydraulic.
Momentum Equation
• both of these methods use some form of the
continuity equation.
1
Continuity Equation
Continuity equation
•The change in storage (dS) equals the difference
Hydrologic Routing between inflow (I) and outflow (O) or :
Hydraulic Routing
dS
Momentum Equation =I-O
dt
•For open channel flow, the continuity equation

is also often written as :
A = the cross-sectional area,
A Q Q = channel flow, and
+ =q
q = lateral inflow
t x
2
Hydrologic Routing
Continuity equation
• Methods combine the continuity equation with some
Hydrologic Routing relationship between storage, outflow, and possibly
Hydraulic Routing inflow.
• These relationships are usually assumed, empirical,
Momentum Equation
or analytical in nature.
• An of example of such a relationship might be a
stage-discharge relationship.
3
Use of Manning Equation
Continuity equation
• Stage is also related to the outflow via a relationship
Hydrologic Routing
such as Manning's equation
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation 1.49 3 2
Q AR Sh
2 1
f
n
4
Hydraulic Routing
Continuity equation • Hydraulic routing methods combine the continuity
Hydrologic Routing equation with some more physical relationship
describing the actual physics of the movement of the
Hydraulic Routing water.
Momentum Equation • The momentum equation is the common relationship
employed.
• In hydraulic routing analysis, it is intended that the
dynamics of the water or flood wave movement be
more accurately described
5
Momentum Equation
Continuity equation
• Expressed by considering the external forces acting on a
Hydrologic Routing control section of water as it moves down a channel
Hydraulic Routing
v v g ( yA) vg
Momentum Equation +V + + = g( - )
t x A 2x A So Sf
• Henderson (1966) expressed the momentum equation as :
y v v 1 v
S f = S o- - -
x g x g t
6
Combinations of Equations
Continuity equation • Simplified Versions :
Hydrologic Routing
y v v 1 v
Hydraulic Routing S f = S o- - - Unsteady -Nonuniform
x g x g t
Momentum Equation y v v
S f = S o- - Steady - Nonuniform
x g x
y Diffusion or noninertial
S f = S o-
x
Sf = So Kinematic
7
Routing Methods
Modified Puls • Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum • Kinematic Wave
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic • Muskingum
Modeling Notes
• Muskingum-Cunge
• Dynamic
8
Modified Puls
Modified Puls • The modified puls routing method is probably most often
Kinematic Wave applied to reservoir routing
Muskingum • The method may also be applied to river routing for
Muskingum-Cunge certain channel situations.
Dynamic • The modified puls method is also referred to as the
Modeling Notes storage-indication method.
• The heart of the modified puls equation is found by
considering the finite difference form of the continuity
equation.
9
Modified Puls
Modified Puls I 1 + I 2 - ( O1 + O 2 = S 2 - S 1
Continuity Equation
Kinematic Wave 2 2 t
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic 1 2 
 t
1 
 t
2 Rewritten
Modeling Notes
2 S1 2S2
I +I + -O = +O
•The solution to the modified puls method is accomplished by

developing a graph (or table) of O -vs- [2S/Δt + O]. In order
to do this, a stage-discharge-storage relationship must be
known, assumed, or derived.
10
Modified Puls
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
11
Modified Puls Example
•Given the following hydrograph and the 2S/t + O curve, find the
outflow hydrograph for the reservoir assuming it to be completely full
at
the
•Thebeginning
followingofhydrograph
the storm. is given:
Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example
180
Discharge (cfs)
150
120
90
60
30
0
0 2 4 6 8
10
Time (hr) 12
•The following 2S/t + O curve is also given:
13
•A table may be created as follows:
Time In In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1 On+1

(hr) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
•Next, using the hydrograph and interpolation, insert the Inflow
(discharge) values.
•For example at 1 hour, the inflow is 30 cfs.
(hr) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example
0 0
1 30 18
2 60 0
3 90 150
Discharge (cfs)
4 120 120
5 150
9
6 180 0
7 135
6
8 90 0
9 45 3
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0 2 4 6
8 10
Time
15
(hr)
•The next step is to add the inflow to the inflow in the next
time step.
obtain a value
•For the of 30. the inflow at 0 is added to the inflow at 1 hour
first blank
to
0 0 30
1 30
2 60
3 90
4 120
5 150
6 180
7 135
8 90
9 45
10 0
11 0
12 0
16
•This is then repeated for the rest of the values in the column.

0 0 30
1 30 90
2 60 150
3 90 210
4 120 270
5 150 330
6 180 315
7 135 225
8 90 135
9 45 45
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0
17
•The 2Sn/t + On+1 column can then be calculated using the following
equation:
2S 2S2
I 1 + I 2 +  1 - O 1 = + O2
 t  t
Note that 2Sn/t - On and On+1 are set to zero.

0 0 30 0 0
1 30 90 30
2 60 150
3 90 210
4 120 270 30 + 0 = 2Sn/t + On+1
5 150 330
6 180 315
7 135 225
8 90 135
9 45 45
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0 18
•Then using the curve provided outflow can be
= 30, outflow = 5 based on the graph
•In this case, since 2S /t +determined.
O
n n+1
provided.
0 0 30 0 0
1 30 90 30 5
2 60 150
3 90 210
4 120 270
5 150 330
6 180 315
7 135 225
8 90 135
9 45 45
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0
19
•To obtain the final column, 2Sn/t - On, two times the outflow is
subtracted from 2Sn/t + On+1.
•In this example 30 - 2*5 = 20
0 0 30 0 0
1 30 90 20 30 5
2 60 150
3 90 210
4 120 270
5 150 330
6 180 315
7 135 225
8 90 135
9 45 45
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0 20
•The same steps are repeated for the next line.
•First 90 + 20 = 110.
•From the graph, 110 equals an outflow value of 18.
•Finally 110 - 2*18 = 74

0 0 30 0 0
1 30 90 20 30 5
2 60 150 74 110 18
3 90 210
4 120 270
5 150 330
6 180 315
7 135 225
8 90 135
9 45 45
10 0 0
11 0 0
12 0 0 21
•This process can then be repeated for the rest of the columns.
•Now a list of the outflow values have been calculated and the
problem is complete.

0 0 30 0 0
1 30 90 20 30 5
2 60 150 74 110 18
3 90 210 160 224 32
4 120 270 284 370 43
5 150 330 450 554 52
6 180 315 664 780 58
7 135 225 853 979 63
8 90 135 948 1078 65
9 45 45 953 1085 65
10 0 0 870 998 64
11 0 0 746 870 62
12 0 0 630 746 58
22
Kinematic Wave
Modified Puls • Kinematic wave channel routing is probably the most
Kinematic Wave basic form of hydraulic routing.
Muskingum • This method combines the continuity equation with a
Muskingum-Cunge very simplified form of the St. Venant equations.
Dynamic • Kinematic wave routing assumes that the friction
Modeling Notes slope
• is equal to the bed slope.
Additionally, the kinematic wave form of the
momentum equation assumes a simple stage-discharge
relationship.
23
Kinematic Wave Basic
Equations
Modified Puls A Q Q = αAm
+ =q
Kinematic Wave t x
L
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge •An explicit finite difference scheme in a space-
Dynamic time grid domain is often used for the solution
Modeling Notes of the kinematic wave procedure.
t
X
24
Working Equation
Modified Puls (m -1)
A(i, j) - A(i, j -1)  A(i, j -1)+ A(i -1,j -1)  A(i, j -1) - A(i -1,j -1) q(i, j) + q(i, j -1)
Kinematic Wave + m    =q=
t  2   x  2
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
t
X
25
Wave Speed TOO Fast?
Modified Puls When the average celerity, c, is greater than the
Kinematic Wave ratio Δx/Δt, a conservative form of these
Muskingum equations is applied. In this conservative form,
Muskingum-Cunge the spatial and temporal derivatives are only
Dynamic estimated at the previous time step and
Modeling Notes previous location.
(i, j)j) -- Q
Q(i, Q(i(i-1,j) i -1,j) - -
-1,j)+ AA AA(i -1,j -1)
+ i -1,j) (i -1,j -1) == q
x t
26
Kinematic Wave Assumptions
Modified Puls • The method does not explicitly allow for separation of the
Kinematic Wave main channel and the overbanks.
Muskingum • Strictly speaking, the kinematic method does not allow
Muskingum-Cunge for attenuation of a flood wave. Only translation is
Dynamic accomplished. There is, however, a certain amount of
Modeling Notes attenuation which results from the finite difference
approximation used to solve the governing equations.The
hydrostatic pressure distribution is assumed to be
applicable, thus neglecting any vertical accelerations.
• No lateral, secondary circulations may be present, i.e. -
the channel is represented by a straight line.
• Channel slopes should be 10% or less.
• The channel is stable with no lateral migration,
degradation, and aggredation.
• Flow resistance may be estimated via Manning's equation 27
or the Chezy equation.
Muskingum Method
Modified Puls Sp = K O Prism Storage
Kinematic Wave
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic Sw = K(I - O)X Wedge Storage
Modeling Notes
S = K[XI + (1-X)O] Combined
28
Muskingum, cont...
Modified Puls Substitute storage equation, S into the “S” in
Kinematic Wave the continuity equation yields :
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Modeling Notes
S = K[XI + (1-X)O] dS
=I-O
dt
O2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 O1
Kx - 0.5t Kx + 0.5t K - Kx - 0.5t

=
C 0= - C1 = C2 K - Kx +
K - Kx + 0.5t 0.5t
K - Kx + 0.5t
29
Muskingum Notes :
Modified Puls • The method assumes a single stage-discharge
Kinematic Wave relationship.
Muskingum • In other words, for any given discharge, Q, there can
Muskingum-Cunge be only one stage height.
Dynamic • This assumption may not be entirely valid for certain
Modeling Notes flow situations.
• For instance, the friction slope on the rising side of a
hydrograph for a given flow, Q, may be quite different
than for the recession side of the hydrograph for the
same given flow, Q.
• This causes an effect known as hysteresis, which can
introduce errors into the storage assumptions of this
method.
30
Estimating K
Modified Puls • K is estimated to be the travel time through the reach.
Kinematic Wave • This may pose somewhat of a difficulty, as the travel
Muskingum time will obviously change with flow.
Muskingum-Cunge • The question may arise as to whether the travel time
Dynamic should be estimated using the average flow, the peak
Modeling Notes
flow, or some other flow.
• The travel time may be estimated using the kinematic
travel time or a travel time based on Manning's
equation.
31
Estimating X
Modified Puls • The value of X must be between 0.0 and 0.5.
Kinematic Wave • The parameter X may be thought of as a weighting
Muskingum coefficient
Muskingum-Cunge • for inflow and outflow.
Dynamic • As inflow becomes less important, the value of X decreases.
Modeling Notes
The lower limit of X is 0.0 and this would be indicative of a
•
situation where inflow, I, has little or no effect on the storage.
A reservoir is an example of this situation and it should be
• noted that attenuation would be the dominant process
compared to translation.
Values of X = 0.2 to 0.3 are the most common for natural
• streams; however, values of 0.4 to 0.5 may be calibrated for
streams with little or no flood plains or storage effects.
A value of X = 0.5 would represent equal weighting between
inflow and outflow and would produce translation with little
or no attenuation.
More Notes - Muskingum
Modified Puls • The Handbook of Hydrology (Maidment, 1992)
Kinematic Wave includes additional cautions or limitations in the
Muskingum Muskingum method.
Muskingum-Cunge
• The method may produce negative flows in the initial
Dynamic
portion of the hydrograph.
Modeling Notes
• Additionally, it is recommended that the method be
limited to moderate to slow rising hydrographs being
routed through mild to steep sloping channels.
• The method is not applicable to steeply rising
hydrographs such as dam breaks.
• Finally, this method also neglects variable
backwater
effects such as downstream dams,
constrictions, bridges,
and tidal influences. 33
Muskingum Example Problem
•A portion of the inflow hydrograph to a reach of channel is
given
below. If the travel time is K=1 unit and the weighting factor is
X=0.30, then find the outflow from the reach for the period
shown below:
Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O1 Outflow

0 3 3
1 5
2 10
3 8
4 6
5 5
34
•The first step is to determine the coefficients in this problem.
•The calculations for each of the coefficients is given below:
Kx - 0.5t
C 0= -
K - Kx +
0.5t
C0= - ((1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167
Kx + 0.5t
C 1=
K - Kx +
0.5t
C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
35
K - Kx - 0.5t
C 2=
K - Kx +
0.5t
C2= (1- (1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167
Therefore the coefficients in this problem are:

•C0 = 0.167
•C1 = 0.667
•C2 = 0.167
36
•The three columns now can be calculated.
•C0I2 = 0.167 * 5 = 0.835
•C1I1 = 0.667 * 3 *= 32.00

0.167 = 0.501
•C2O1 =

0 3 0.835 2.00 0.501 3
1 5
2 10
3 8
4 6
5 5
37
•Next the three columns are added to determine the outflow at time
equal 1 hour.
•0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34

0 3 0.835 2.00 0.501 3
1 5 3.34
2 10
3 8
4 6
5 5
38
•This can be repeated until the table is complete and the outflow at
each time step is known.

0 3 0.835 2.00 0.501 3
1 5 1.67 3.34 0.557 3.34
2 10 1.34 6.67 0.93 5.57
3 8 1.00 5.34 1.49 8.94
4 6 0.835 4.00 1.31 7.83
5 5 3.34 1.03 6.14
39
Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls • Muskingum-Cunge formulation is similar to the
Kinematic Wave Muskingum type formulation
Muskingum • The Muskingum-Cunge derivation begins with the
Muskingum-Cunge continuity equation and includes the diffusion
Dynamic form of the momentum equation.
Modeling Notes
• These equations are combined and linearized,
40
Muskingum-Cunge
“working
Modified Puls equation”
Kinematic Wave
2
Muskingum Q Q Q
Muskingum-Cunge   
t x
Dynamic cq
Modeling Notes x 2 Lat
where :
Q = discharge
t = time
x = distance
qx = along
c = channel
m = lateral
inflow
wave celerity
hydraulic diffusivity 41
Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
Modified Puls • Method attempts to account for diffusion by taking
Kinematic Wave into account channel and flow characteristics.
Muskingum • Hydraulic diffusivity is found to be :
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic
Q
  2BS
Modeling Notes
O
• The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :
dQ
C  dA
42
Solution of Muskingum-Cunge
Modified Puls • Solution of the Muskingum is accomplished by
Kinematic Wave discretizing the equations on an x-t plane.
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge
Q n + 1 = C Qn + C Qn+1 + C nQ + C Q
Dynamic j+1
1 j 2 j 3 j+1 4 L
Modeling Notes
t t
+ 2x 2(1 - x) -
k C 3 = t k
C 1 = t
+ 2(1 - x) + 2(1 - x)
k
k
t 2
 t 
C 2 = t
k
- 2x    
t
C 4 = t k
+ 2(1 - x)
k + 2(1 - x) X
k
43
Calculation of K & X
Modified Puls
Kinematic Wave
x 1 Q  
Muskingum k= X  2 1  BS cx
 O

Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic c
Modeling Notes
Estimation of K & X is more “physically based”
and should be able to reflect the “changing”
conditions - better.
44
Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls • Muskingum-Cunge formulation is actually considered an
Kinematic Wave approximate solution of the convective diffusion equation.
Muskingum • As such it may account for wave attenuation, but not for
Muskingum-Cunge
Dynamic reverse flow and backwater effects and not for fast rising
Modeling Notes hydrographs.
•
Properly applied, the method is non-linear in that the flow
properties and routing coefficients are re-calculated at
• each time and distance step
• Often, an iterative 4-point scheme is used for the solution.
Care should be taken when choosing the computation
interval, as the computation interval may be longer than

•
the time it takes for the wave to travel the reach distance.
Internal computational times are used to account for the
possibility of this occurring.

Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Modified Puls • Muskingum-Cunge may also be used distributed modeling
Kinematic Wave • Currently “Lag and K” and DWOPER are available to
Muskingum perform this operation.
Muskingum-Cunge • Muskingum-Cunge offers a compromise between the
Dynamic simplicity of “Lag and K” and complexity of DWOPER.
Modeling Notes
• Muskingum-Cunge is physically-based but not as data
intensive as DWOPER.
• The data inputs needed are:
– Control parameters
– Hydrologic: Inflow hydrographs
– Physical system: channel geometry (cross-sections and
channel profile)
• Data outputs: Method will sum and route discharge
hydrographs to overall basin outlet.
46
Muskingum-Cunge Example
Time (hr) Flow (m3/s)
0 10
• The hydrograph at the upstream end of a 1 12
river is given in the following table. The 2 18
3 28.5
reach of interest is 18 km long. Using a 4 50
subreach length x of 6 km, determine the 5
6
78
107
hydrograph at the end of the reach using 7 134.5
8 147
the Muskingum-Cunge method. Assume c 9 150
2m/s,
= B = 25.3 m, S = 0.001m and no lateral 10 146
o
flow. 11 129
12 105
13 78
14 59
15 45
16 33
17 24
18 17
19 12
20 10
47
• First, K must be determined.
• K is equal to :
x
K
c
x = 6 km, while c = 2 m/s
6km1000m / km
K  3000seconds
2m / s
48
Muskingum-Cunge Example Time
Time (hr) /s
3
(hr) Flow (m /s)
0 10
1 12
• The next step is to determine x. 2 18
3 28.5
1 Q  4 50
x  1   5 78
2 BS O cx 
6
7
107
134.5
 8
9
147
150
10 146
•All the variables are known, with B = 11 129
25.3 m, So = 0.001 and x =6000 m, 12

13
105
78
and the peak Q taken from the table. 14 59
15 45
16 33
17 24
1 150 m/3 s  18 17
x  2 1     0.253
19 12
 (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m3 / s 
20 10
49
• A curve for x/ct is then needed to determine t.
• For x = 0.253, x/(ct) < 0.82

50
• Therefore, t can be found.
x /(ct ) 
0.82
t  x /(c)(0.82)
6km1000m /
t 
km2m / s 
t  0.82
3658
Use t seconds
 7200
seconds 51
• The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can now
be determined.
t
 2x
C1  K
t
 2(1 
K x)
7200
 2(0.253)
C1  3000  0.7466
7200
 2(1 
3000 0.253)
52
be determined.
t
2
C2  K x
t
 2(1 
K x)
7200
 2(0.253)
C 2  3000  0.4863
7200
 2(1 
3000 0.253)
53
be determined.
t
2(1  x)
C3   K
t
 2(1 
K x)
7200
2(1  0.253)
C3   3000  0.232
7200
 2(1 
3000 0.253)
54
be determined.
 t 
2 
C4   K 
t
 2(1 
K x)
2
 7200 

C4   3000   1.233
7200
 2(1 
3000 0.253)
55
• Then a simplification of the original formula can be made.
n1 n n1 n
Q j 1  C1Q j  C2Q j  C3Q j 1  C4QL
• Since there is not lateral flow, Q = 0. The simplified

L
formula is the following:
n1 n n1 n
Q j 1  C1Q j  C2Q j  C3Q j 1
56
• A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr) 0 km 6 km 12 km 18 km
0 10
2 18
4 50
6 107
8 147
10 146
12 105
14 59
16 33
18 17
20 10
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10
57
• It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18
4 50
6 107
8 147
10 146
12 105
14 59
16 33
18 17
20 10
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10
58
• Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation.
n1 n n1 n
Q j 1  C1Q j  C2Q j  C3Q j 1
1 0 1 0
Q1  C1Q0  C2Q0  C3Q1
59
• Using the table, the variables can be determined.
1 0 1 0
Q1  C1Q0  C2Q0  C3Q1
0 10 10 10 10
2 18
4 50 Q00  10
01  18
6 107
8 147 Q
10 146
1 
10
12 105 Q
14 59 0
16 33
18 17
20 10
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10
60
• Therefore, the equation can be solved.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18 13.89
4 50 1 0 1 0
6
8
107
147
Q1  C1Q0  C2Q0  C3Q1
10 146
12 105
Q11  (0.7466)(10)  (0.4863)(18)  (0.2329)

14 59
16 33
(10)
18 17 11
20 10 Q  13.89 m3 / s
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10
61
• Therefore, the equation can be solved.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18 13.89
4 50 34.51
6 107 2 1 2 1
8
10
147
146
Q1  C1Q0  C2Q0  C3Q1
12 105
14 59
Q11  (0.7466)(18)  (0.4863)(50)  (0.2329)

16 33
18 17
(13.89)
20 10 11
22 10 Q  34.51 m3 / s
24 10
26 10
28 10
62
• This is repeated for the rest of the columns and the subsequent
columns to produce the following table. Note that when you
change rows, “n” changes. When you change columns, “j”
changes. Time (hr) 0 km 6 km 12 km 18 km
0 10 10 10 10
2 18 13.89 11.89 10.92
4 50 34.51 24.38 18.19
6 107 81.32 59.63 42.96
8 147 132.44 111.23 88.60
10 146 149.91 145.88 133.35
12 105 125.16 138.82 145.37
14 59 77.93 99.01 117.94
16 33 41.94 55.52 73.45
18 17 23.14 29.63 38.75
20 10 12.17 16.29 21.02
22 10 9.49 9.91 12.09
24 10 10.12 9.70 9.30
26 10 9.97 10.15 10.01
28 10 10.01 9.95 10.08
63
Full Dynamic Wave Equations
Modified Puls • The solution of the St. Venant equations is known as
Kinematic Wave dynamic routing.
Muskingum • Dynamic routing is generally the standard to which
Muskingum-Cunge other methods are measured or compared.
Dynamic • The solution of the St. Venant equations is
Modeling Notes
generally accomplished via one of two methods :
1) the method of characteristics and 2) direct
methods (implicit and explicit).
• It may be fair to say that regardless of the method of
solution, a computer is absolutely necessary as the
solutions are quite time consuming.
• J. J. Stoker (1953, 1957) is generally credited for
initially attempting to solve the St. Venant equations
using a high speed computer.
64
Dynamic Wave Solutions
Modified Puls • Characteristics, Explicit, & Implicit
Kinematic Wave • The most popular method of applying the implicit
Muskingum
technique is to use a four point weighted finite
Muskingum-Cunge
difference scheme.
Dynamic
Modeling Notes • Some computer programs utilize a finite element
solution technique; however, these tend to be more
complex in nature and thus a finite difference technique
is most often employed.
• It should be noted that most of the models using the
finite difference technique are one-dimensional and that
two and three-dimensional solution schemes often
revert to a finite element solution.
65
Dynamic Wave Solutions
Modified Puls • Dynamic routing allows for a higher degree of accuracy
Kinematic Wave when modeling flood situations because it includes
Muskingum parameters that other methods neglect.
Muskingum-Cunge
• Dynamic routing, when compared to other modeling
Dynamic
techniques, relies less on previous flood data and more
Modeling Notes
on the physical properties of the storm. This is
extremely important when record rainfalls occur or
other extreme events.
• Dynamic routing also provides more hydraulic
information about the event, which can be used to
determine the transportation of sediment along the
waterway.
66
Courant Condition?
Modified Puls • If the wave or hydrograph can travel through the
Kinematic Wave subreach (of length Δx) in a time less than the
Muskingum computational interval, Δt, then computational
Muskingum-Cunge instabilities may evolve.
Dynamic • The condition to satisfy here is known as the
Modeling Notes Courant condition and is expressed as :
dx
dt 
c
67
Some DISadvantages
Modified Puls • Geometric simplification - some models are designed to use
Kinematic Wave very simplistic representations of the cross-sectional
Muskingum geometry. This may be valid for large dam breaks where very
Muskingum-Cunge large flows are encountered and width to depth ratios are
Dynamic large; however, this may not be applicable to smaller dam
Modeling Notes breaks where channel geometry would be more critical.
• Model simulation input requirements - dynamic routing
techniques generally require boundary conditions at one or
more locations in the domain, such as the upstream and
downstream sections. These boundary conditions may in the
form of known or constant water surfaces, hydrographs, or
assumed stage-discharge relationships.
• Stability - As previously noted, the very complex nature of
these methods often leads to numeric instability. Also,
convergence may be a problem in some solution schemes.
For these reasons as well as others, there tends to be a
stability problem in some programs. Often times it is very
difficul6t8to obtain a "clean" model run in a cost efficient

Routing-3 V Imp

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Routing-3 V Imp

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Channel Routing

Continuity equation • Simulate the movement of water through a channel

•For open channel flow, the continuity equation

• Henderson (1966) expressed the momentum equation as :

•The solution to the modified puls method is accomplished by

Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example

Time In In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1 On+1

Time In In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1 On+1

Note that 2Sn/t - On and On+1 are set to zero.

Time In In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1 On+1

Time In In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1 On+1

S = K[XI + (1-X)O] Combined

Kx - 0.5t Kx + 0.5t K - Kx - 0.5t

Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O1 Outflow

Therefore the coefficients in this problem are:

•C1I1 = 0.667 * 3 *= 32.00

Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O1 Outflow

•0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34

Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O1 Outflow

Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O1 Outflow

• The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :

interval, as the computation interval may be longer than

possibility of this occurring.

25.3 m, So = 0.001 and x =6000 m, 12

• For x = 0.253, x/(ct) < 0.82

• Since there is not lateral flow, Q = 0. The simplified

Q11  (0.7466)(10)  (0.4863)(18)  (0.2329)

Q11  (0.7466)(18)  (0.4863)(50)  (0.2329)

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