Functional Materials

Dr. D. PAUL JOSEPH

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Physics, NIT-Warangal

Lecture for B-Tech - I – Physics Course – PH-101 – April-2016

 COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials
with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct within
the finished structure. Most composites have strong, stiff fibers in a matrix which is weaker and less
stiff. Objective is usually to make a strong and stiff component, often with a low density.

Composite = matrix + fiber (filler)

Matrix: Material component that surrounds the fiber. Usually a ductile, or tough, material
with low density, Strength usually = 1/10 (or less) than that of fiber. Serves to hold the
fiber (filler) in a favorable orientation.
Examples : thermoplastic or thermoset. Thermoset most common (epoxy, pheneolic).

Fiber/ reinforcing material/ Filler: Materials that are strong with low densities. Examples
include glass, carbon or particles.

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 Boron Nitride coated mullite
fibre reinforced-glass matrix
composite with fracture

Carbon nano-fibre
-carbon composite SiC fibre – tantalum alloy
arresting fatigue crack

Fibre pull out in Nicalon 200

fibre-borosilicate matrix

Carbon fibre - SiC composite

HR-TEM of Si3N4- 30 vol % SiC

nanoparticle composite
 Advantages:
High strength to weight ratio (low density, high tensile strength)
High creep resistance High tensile strength at high temp.
High toughness Impact loads or vibration
Higher wear resistance than metals Corrosion resistance
Dimensional changes due to temp. changes is much less.

Classification of Composite Materials by Matrix:

1. Metal matrix
2. Ceramic matrix
3. Polymer (Resin) matrix.

Polymer matrix composites or Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP), also Fibre-reinforced plastic, is a
composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres.
Metal matrix composites (MMC) or Fiber Reinforced Metals (FRM)
Example: Al-Al2O3
Glass fibers are combined with carbon/aramid (Kevlar29 &
Kevlar49), to create a "hybrid" composite with properties more than
a reinforced material.
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Ceramic matrix & metal matrix composites

Nano-composite is a multiphase solid material

where one of the phases has one, two or three
dimensions of less than 100 (nm), or structures
having nano-scale repeat distances between the
different phases that make up the material.

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Ceramic based nano-composites
Property improvement in nano-ceramic
composites
Mechanical properties of alumina-metal
nano-composites
Cutting tool inserts
 Property requirements
High abrasion resistance, Thermal shock
resistance, Strength, Fracture toughness,
thermal conductivity

 Materials used
Al2O3 , Al2O3 - ZrO2 , Al2O3-TiC ,
Al2O3 – SiCW, Si3N4, Sialon, WC-Co alloys
Wear resistant parts Ceramic seals

Turbine rotor

Propulsion components

C fibre-SiC composite turbine for

rocket applications.
Burst speed: 77,000 rpm
 Glass fibre reinforced plastics

Glass fibre-ceramic composite

for bullet proof jacket
Hockey stick made using
glass fibre reinforce composite
Characteristics of carbon-carbon
composites
 Good oxidation resistance
 High thermal capacity
 Good strength, impact resistance, strain to
failure
 Adequate and consistent friction
characteristics
 High thermal conductivity
Boeing 767 characteristics
• Weight : 170 ton
• Take of speed : 320 km/h
• Kinetic energy : 760 MJ Boeing 767 with Carbon-carbon
• Temp. rotor/stator disc : 1500 oC brake assembly
• Wt. of metal brakes : 1100 kg
• Wt. of C/C brakes : 700 kg
 BIO-MATERIALS

A biomaterial

 is a nonviable (incapable of growing and developing independently) material

used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems.

 is used to make devices to replace a part of a function of the body in a safe,

reliable, economic, and physiologically acceptable manner.

 is any substance (other than a drug), natural or synthetic, that treats,

augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, and body function.

The need for biomaterials stems from an inability to treat many diseases, injuries
and conditions with other therapies or procedures :

 replacement of body part that has lost function (total hip, heart)
 correct abnormalities (spinal rod)
 improve function (pacemaker, stent)
 assist in healing (structural, pharmaceutical effects: sutures, drug release)

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 USES OF BIOMATERIALS

Organ/Tissue Examples
Titanium based artificial body parts heart pacemaker, artificial valve, artificial heart
eye contact lens, intraocular lens
ear artificial stapes, cochlea implant
bone bone plate, intramedullary rod, joint prosthesis,
bone cement, bone defect repair
kidney dialysis machine
bladder catheter and stent
muscle sutures, muscle stimulator
circulation artificial blood vessels
skin burn dressings, artificial skin

MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES endocrine encapsulated pancreatic islet cells

Property Desirables
Biocompatibility Non-carcinogenic, non-toxic, non-allergenic, blood compatible, non-inflammatory
Sterilizability Not destroyed by typical sterilizing techniques like autoclaving, dry heat, radiation etc.
Physical characteristics Strength, elasticity, durability
Manufacturability Machinable, moldable, extrudable

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 Classification of Biomaterials

 Metals : stainless steel, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys

 Ceramics: aluminum oxide, zirconia, calcium phosphates
 Polymers: silicones, poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethanes, polylactides
 Natural polymers: collagen, gelatin, elastin, silk etc.

Hydroxyapatite bone formation

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 Scaffolds for tissue fabrication

Scaffold materials
1. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrophobic
2. Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) - hydrophilic
3. Ply(lactic acid ) (PLA) - hydrophilic
4. Their copolymers poly
(lactic acid-co-glycoloic acid) (PLGA)
5. Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)
6. Poly (hydroxy butyrate) (PHB)
7. Poly (propylene fumarate) (PPF)
8. bio compatible Tyrosine-derived polymers
Peptideamphiphiles (PAs) used for nano fibre scaffolds
9. Segmented polyurethanes
10. Polyphosphoesters and polyphosphazenes
polyanhydrides and poly(ortho esters) for
controlled drug delivery
11. collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
copolymers
 HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

Generally, in materials science the term high temperature is defined as the temperature that is
equal to, or greater than, about two- thirds of the melting point of the solid. However, there are
other definitions too, application – based definitions high temperature materials need to be
resistance to the related causes of damage including oxidation and corrosion, which are
accelerated with the increase in temperature.
Ni3Al-ZrO2

Simulation of the outside of Re-entry space

shuttle as in heats up to over 1500 o C Functionally Graded Materials
Titanium–Aluminium alloy

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Functionally Graded Materials

Bio-Mimics
Temp. Range 3000°C

Materials cobalt molybdenum

Applications Machining tools

Temp. Range 2200 °C

Materials SiC, carbon–polymer, carbon–graphite Temp. Range 2000°C
Applications Brocks, satellite nozzles, exit cones Materials MoSi2, Si3N4
Applications Heating & incandescent elements
Temp. Range 2000°C
Materials Si3N4,, BaTiO3 Temp. Range High melting point 3200°C
Applications aerospace, Ceramic crucibles
Materials Cubic born nitride (BN)
Temp. 1600 °C Applications Nose of the space satellite
Range
Materials carbon fiber,
Application disc brake on a car

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 NANOMATERIALS - WHAT ARE THEY ?

CRYSTAL – solid composed of atoms arranged in a

pattern periodic in three dimensions
(Long term periodicity)
Grain – regular arrangement of unit cells
(Short range ordering with boundaries)
Size of the grains < 100 nm  nano-materials
Number of unit cell in 50 nm grain about 2000 unit cells
MICRO & NANO -MATERIALS

Micro crystalline Nano crystalline Enlarged view of

material material Nano particle
 GRAIN & GRAIN BOUNDARY

GRAIN
GRAIN BOUNDARY Nano Gold

GRAIN GRAIN
SIZE BOUNDARY
(nm) VOLUME
FRACTION
(%)
5 50
10 30
100 3
 SCHERRER FORMULA

D – Crystallite size
K – Shape factor, 1 for spherical & 0.9 for non-spherical
β – Full width at half the maximum of the XRD peak
 - Wavelength of the X-ray used
ϴ - Angle of diffraction

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 HOW TO PREPARE ?

Top down Bottom up

Starting from bulk and Building atom by atom
Breaking down to nano to nano scale

Mechanical milling Chemical method

RF/DC Magnetron sputtering Rapid quenching ( heat treatment)
Evaporation techniques Electro deposition
 INERT GAS CONDENSATION TECHNIQUE BALL MILLING

ULTRA HIGH VACUUM CHAMBER

 EFFECT ON DENSITY OF STATES

Bulk Thin Film Nanowire Quantum Dot

E E E E

g3 g2 g1 g0

Density of states (DOS) E = 2h2n2/ (8ma2)

 SIZE EFFECT ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES

E* ≈ Eg+ π2 ħ2 /2R2[1/me + 1/mh]

Eg – Energy gap of the bulk material
R – Radius of the particle
me & mh – effective mass of e- and hole

ZnO
Conduction band

Transmittance (%)
Valence band 3.5 4.0 4.5
Energy (eV)
5.0