4G Wireless

Technology

Presented
By RAJ MOYAL
4G Definition

 4G is a collection of technologies at
creating fully packet-switched networks
optimized for data.

 4G Networks are projected to provide

speed of 100Mbps while moving and
1Gbps while stationary.
1G Technology
 1G refers to the first-generation of
wireless telephone technology was
developed in 1970’s.

 1G had two major improvements:

 the invention of the microprocessor
 the digital transform of the control link
between the phone and the cell site.
2G Technology

 Around 1980’s

 Better quality & capacity - More people

could use there phones at the same
time

 Digital Signals – consist of 0’s & 1’s

Previous Technology - 2G

 Digital – consist of 0’s and 1’s

 Digital signal:
 1.Low level, 2.High level, 3.Rising edge
and 4.Falling edge
Previous Technology - 2G

 Allows for lower powered radio signals that

require less battery.

 Power–CODEC introduction -program that

encodes and decodes digital data stream or
signal.
 Translates data from digital to analog and
vice versa.
Previous Technology - 2G

 Function of codec
Disadvantages in Previous
Technology - 2G

 Cell towers had a limited coverage

area
 Decay curve
 Abrupt dropped calls
 Analog –gradual sound reduction
 “Spotty” coverage
3G Technology
 Large capacity and broadband capabilities

 Allows the transmission of 384kbps for

mobile systems and up to 2Mbps.

 Increased spectrum efficiency –5Mhz

 A greater number of users that can be
simultaneously supported by a radio frequency
bandwidth.
 High data rates at lower incremental cost than
2G–Global roaming.
Previous Technology - 3G

 CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access

 Form of multiplexing

 Does not divide up the channel by time or

frequency.

 Encodes data with a special code

associated with each channel.
Types of Multiplexing

 FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple

Access
 Each phone call is allocated one
frequency for the entire duration of the
call.
Types of Multiplexing

 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

 Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and
"takes turns" being transmitted.
Types of Multiplexing

 CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

 Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in
a manner known as spread spectrum
transmission.
Reasons for New Research

 Even though 3G has successfully been

introduced to mobile users, there are some
issues that are debated by 3G providers and
users.
 High input fees for the 3G service licenses.

 Great differences in the licensing terms.

 3G phones are expensive.

Fourth Generation
4G Technology

 Fourth Generation Technology

 Faster and more reliable
 100 Mb/s
 Lower cost than previous generations

Technology used……

 Ad Hoc Networking
 Smart antenna
 IPv6
 VOIP
 OFDM used instead of CDMA
Ad Hoc Networks
 Spontaneous self
organization of networks
of devices.

 Not necessarily connected

to internet.

 4G will create hybrid

wireless networks using
Ad Hoc networks.

 Form of mesh
networking–Very reliable.
Smart Antennas
 Beam radio signals directly at a user to follow the
user as they move.
 Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other
users without worry of interference.
 Can’t keep up transmission speeds while device is
moving fast (i.e. in a car)
– Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs 100Mb/s)
 Seamless handoff between towers/access points.
 One transmit antenna, two receive antennas–
Allows connection to two access points at once.
Mobile IPv6
 • More addresses than current version of IP protocol
(Version 4) - each device can have own IP.

 – Keep IP address even if you change access point.

 – Presently translate IP with each change because not

enough IP addresses to go around.

 IP Core- everything can talk to each other if they speak

the same “language” (protocol).
 How 4G works (working principle)
 The IP address is based on IPv6.

 IPv4: X.X.X.X (32 bits)

example: 216.37.129.9

 IPv6: 4 × IPv4 (128 bits)

example:
216.37.129.9 , 79.23.178.229 , 65.198.2.10 , 192.168.5.120

home care-of mobile IP local network

address address address address
Mobile VoIP
“Voice Over Internet Protocol”
 Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminating
complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit.

 All voice data will be wrapped up in a packet

– lower latency data transmission (faster
transmission).

 Samples voice between 8,000 & 64,000 times per second

and creates stream of bits which is then compressed and
put into a packet.
OFDM
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Allows for transfer of more data than other forms of
multiplexing (time, frequency, code, etc).
 Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver.
 Allows for use of almost the entire frequency band
– No gaps to prevent interference.
 Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and Wi-Fi
(802.11a/g).
How OFDM Works
 It uses binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The
phase of the sine wave changes to represent a
different bit.
OFMD

 The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do

not interfere with each other (no cross talk).
 Parallel Data Transmission - Allows for the sending
of multiple signals simultaneously from the same
antenna to one device.
–Each transmission has a different stream of
bits.
Disadvantages

 Unfortunately, to use packet, all cellular hardware will need to

be upgraded or replaced.

 Consumers will be required to purchase new phones, and

providers will need to install new equipment in towers.

 Essentially, the communication system will need to be rebuilt

from the ground up, running off of data packets instead of
voice information.
Thanking You