UNIT I

• Chapters 2 and Chapter 9

• Chapter 2:Network models

– Layered tasks
– OSI Model
– Layers in OSI model,
– TCP/IP Suite
– Addressing
 Chapter 2
Network Models

• We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As

an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post
office.
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Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
• When computers were first linked together into
networks, moving information between different
types of computers was a very difficult task.

• In the early 1980s, the International

Standards Organization (ISO) recognized
the need for a standard network model.
 OSI model
• ISO-International Standards Organization

• ISO standard for all network communication

Open System Interconnection(OSI)
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.6
Benefits of OSI Model:

•Reduces complexity-breaks down into manageable parts

•Standardizes interfaces

•Facilitates modular engineering-allows different types of

H/W to communicate

•Ensures interoperate technology-prevents changes in

one layer from affecting other layer

•Accelerates evolution

•Simplifies teaching & learning

Figure 3-1
OSI Model

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All People Seem To

Need Data Processing

As the information to be sent descends
through the layers of a system it looks
less and less like human language and
more and more like the 1s and 0s that a
computer understands.
Figure 3-2
OSI Layers

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Network support layers
physical layer
data link layer
network layer
User support layers
session layer
presentation layer
application layer

The transport layer links the network

support layers and the user support layer.
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.15
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for

movements of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next.

2.20
Figure 3-4

Physical Layer

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Physical Layer is concerned with:
•Physical Characteristics of interfaces and
medium: defines physical characteristics of
interfaces and medium device and transmission
medium
•Representation of bits: Layer consists of a stream
of bits with no interpretation. To be transmitted
bits must be encoded. The physical layer defines the
encoding type.
•Data rate/ transmission rate: The number of bits
sent each second. Also defines the duration of a bit,
which is how long it lasts.
Synchronization of bits: w.r.t sender and
receiver(data’s must be synchronized)
Line configuration: connection of devices,
i.e.
point-to-point: two devices are connected
through a dedicated link
Multipoint: a link is shared among several
devices
Physical Topology: How devices are
connected to make a network (mesh, star, ring,
bus, hybrid).
Transmission mode: direction of transmission
between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for

moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.26
Figure 3-5

Data Link Layer

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Figure 3-6

Data Link Layer Example

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Data Link Layer includes:
•Framing: divides the stream of bits into manageable
data units, called Frames
•Physical Addressing: adding of headers to the frame to
define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
•Flow Control: if sender is faster than the receiver there
will be overflow, to avoid this it controls the flow rate.
•Error Control: detects and retransmits the damaged or
lost frame
•Access Control: When two/ more devices are connected
to the same link, DLL protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.33
Figure 3-7

Network Layer

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Figure 3-8
Network Layer Example

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Figure 3-8-continued
Network Layer Example

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Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.37
Domain Name Service Protocol (DNS)
Network File System(NFS)
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the

delivery
of a message from one process to another.

2.41
Figure 3-9
Transport Layer

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Example
Figure 3-10
Transport Layer Example

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Figure 3-10-continued

Transport Layer Example

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 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.48
Figure 3-11
Session Layer

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 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for

translation, compression, and encryption.

2.51
Figure 3-12

Presentation Layer

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.54
Figure 3-13

Application Layer

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Figure 3-14

Summary of Layer Functions

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Review questions
1. What is OSI model?
2. Explain the function of each layer in OSI model.
3. Give the mapping of OSI layers to Internet model (TCP/IP suite)
4.What are the responsibilities of the Network layer in the Internet model?
5. What are the responsibilities of the Transport layer in the Internet model?
6. Name some services provided by the application layer in the Internet model?
7.Explain in detail the all 4-levels of addressing used in an internet employing TCP/IP
with example.
8.Explain the following
a. network support layers
b. user support layers
c. encapsulation
d. framing
9. Give the two examples for each layer in OSI model
10. What is PDU? How it is generated? Give the name of PDU for each layer of OSI
model
11. Summarize the function of all layers of OSI model