PROJECT

3D Solar Traker with power distribution

A sun tracker or solar tracker is a device for
orienting a day lighting reflector, solar
photovoltaic panel or concentrating solar
reflector or lens toward the sun.
Group Members

 Noman Ahmed (20021)

 Muhammad Naveed Gill (20027)
 Maruf Khan Niazi (20031)
 Haseeb-ur-Rehman (20315)
Topics to Discuss

 Energy
 Solar Cell
 Types
 Need of Solar Tracker
 Types of solar Tracker
 Storing of Power
 Converting of energy & and using
 Project Block Diagram
 ENERGY
 Energy is fundamental to the quality of our
lives. Nowadays, we are totally dependent on
an abundant and uninterrupted supply of
energy for living and working.
 We use it constantly at home, at work and for
leisure.
 Energy is one of the most problematic issues
in the world. Whereas oil prices are steadily
rising and no stability is seen in near future.
 ENERGY

 Electricity runs like blood through the veins of

economy without it the economy will tremble
and it will be difficult for it to survive.
 Energy can produced by

 Coal a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide
 Petroleum Oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations
in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus
other organic compounds.

 Natural Gas It is an important fuel source, a major feedstock for fertilizers, and a
potent greenhouse gas.

 Nuclear is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei
via controlled nuclear reactions.

 Wind Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.

 Energy can produced by

 Geo Thermal is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself.
 Water by storing and using it again to move turbines of dams.example DAMs.
 Sun in this we use sunlight to produce the energy.
 Solar Energy

 Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun
that has been exploiting by humans since ancient times
using a range of ever-evolving technologies.
 Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation
for practical ends.
 Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive or active depending on the way they capture,
convert and distribute sunlight.
 Solar Energy

 Active solar techniques use photovoltaic

panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight
into useful outputs.
 Passive solar techniques include selecting
materials with favorable thermal properties,
designing spaces that naturally circulate air,
and referencing the position of a building to
the Sun.
 How Solar Energy is used

 Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.

 Generate electricity using concentrated solar power.
 Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates
turbines in a solar updraft tower.
 Generate hydrogen using photo electrochemical cells.
 Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys.
 Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design.
 Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.
 Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating
needs using solar-thermal panels.
 Solar air conditioning
 Solar Cells

 A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that

converts light directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term
solar cell is reserved for devices intended
specifically to capture energy from sunlight,
while the term photovoltaic cell is used when
the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of
cells are used to make solar panels, solar
modules, or photovoltaic arrays.
 TYPES

 Types of Solar Cells

1. Crystalline
2. Amorphous
 Crystalline

 It has proved convenient because it yields stable solar

cells with good efficiencies (11-16%, half to two-thirds
of the theoretical maximum) and uses process
technology developed from the huge knowledge
base of the microelectronics industry.
 Two types of crystalline silicon are used in the
industry. The first is monocrystalline, produced by
slicing wafers (up to 150mm diameter and 350
microns thick) from a high-purity single crystal boule.
The second is multicrystalline silicon, made by sawing
a cast block of silicon first into bars and then wafers.
 Amorphous

 An amorphous solar cell is a type of solar cell

that is relatively cheap to produce and widely
available. They are named so because of their
composition at the microscopic scale.
Amorphous means "without shape". When
the term is applied to solar cells it means that
the silicon material that makes up the cell is
not highly structured or crystallized.
 A collection of many solar cells

 A collection of many solar cells is called solar

panel.
Construction
Cell , Module , Array
 Need of Solar Tracker

 A solar tracker is a device for orienting a day

lighting reflector, solar photovoltaic panel or
concentrating solar reflector or lens toward
the sun. The sun's position in the sky varies
both with the seasons and time of day as the
sun moves across the sky.
 TYPES

 Single axis 2D
 Dual axis 3D
 Single Axis 2D
 Several manufacturers can deliver single axis
horizontal trackers which may be oriented by
either passive or active mechanisms,
depending upon manufacturer. In these, a
long horizontal tube is supported on bearings
mounted upon pylons or frames. The axis of
the tube is on a North-South line.
 Dual Axis 3D

 A type of tracking that supports the weight of the solar

tracker and allows it to move in two directions to locate a
specific target. One axis of support is horizontal (called
the altitude) and allows the telescope to move up and
down. The other axis is vertical (called the azimuth) and
allows the telescope to swing in a circle parallel to the
ground.

Altitude Azimuth
Tracking Tracking
 How to Track

 Time Based
 Real Time Tracking
In real time sun tracking sun is tracked by sensors.
 Sensors

 LDR
 A photo resistor or light dependent resistor or
cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor whose
resistance decreases with increasing incident
light intensity. It can also be referenced as a
photoconductor.
 Storing Of Energy / Power

 The power produced by SOLAR CELL is in DC

form.
 So we will store our power in a DC battery , by
connecting it with the output side.
 Using The Stored Energy
 Electrical Inverter / UPS is a device that converts
direct current to alternating current.
 Untriptable Power Supply that provides a stable
electric power in every possible situation
 WHY UPS IS USED…..?

 No Computer restart :
Electric Generators take 20-30 seconds to restore
the system.
 No risk of fluctuation :
Removes fluctuations from the line.
 No need of extra Stablizer :
It maintains a fixed voltage level for your
appliances.
 OFF Line UPS

 Provide back up only when there is black out

or brown out.
 Rest of the time it is only charging the DC
source.
 AC power is by passed in the presence of
WAPDA line.
 Mostly used for domestic purposes
 H-Bridge Inverter

 Very efficient

 Distortion higher than linear amplifier, but a linear

amplifier has, at best, 50% efficiency

 Perfectly suited for motor drives where voltage

and frequency control are needed

 Well suited for bass music amplification, such as

automotive applications, or where high power is
more important than a little loss in quality
 H-Bridge Inverter Basics – Creating AC from DC

Switching rules
• Either A+ or A – is closed,
Vdc
but never at th e same time *
• Either B+ or B – is closed,
but never at the same time *
*same time closing would cause a
A+ B+ short circuit from Vdc to ground

Va Load Vb Corresponding values of Va and Vb

• A+ closed, Va = Vdc
A– B– • A– closed, Va = 0
• B+ closed, Vb = Vdc
• B– closed, Vb = 0
 Basic Square Wave Operation
(often used for 60Hz applications)

Vload

Vdc

−Vdc
 INVERTER TECHNOLOGIES

 Square Wave  Sine Wave

 Pure DC is converted  Square wave is first
to 50Hz Square wave. properly filtered and
 Without any then applied to
modification it is amplication section
amplified to 220V  High frequency
 99% locally made components are
UPS are made using removed
this technology  Imported follow this
technology
This is how UPS Works
 Drawbacks of square wave

 Not suitable for fans and motors

 Contains high frequency components
 Creates the buzzing sound in fans
 Increases the losses in UPS
 CHARGING

 UNCONTROLLED :  CONTROLLED :

 Continue charging  Charging with

unless main is off feedback
 High initial current  Slow start
 Dangerous for  PWM charging
batteries  Good for batteries
 AMPLIFICATION

 Power trasistors and transformer are involved

 MOSFETs are mostly used
 Almost 90% of the losses occur here
 Mismatch increase the losses
 Must be carefully designed
 ROLE IN SOLAR SYSTEM

 Important part of solar system

 Solar energy generate DC voltages that must
be converted to AC before use
 Solar panels can be used to charge DC source
connected to UPS
Commercial Implementation
 Block Diagram Of Project

Inverter

CONTROLLING
PART
Help your country to meet energy crises

THANK YOU
THE END