CEMENT CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

Cement is the mixture of calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
Cement is used as a binding material in mortar, concrete,etc.Chemical
Composition of cement is:
Lime 63% ,Silica 22% ,Alumina 06% ,Iron oxide 03%
Gypsum 01 to 04%
Functions of Cement Manufacturing Constituents
Lime (CaO),Silica (SiO2),Alumina (Al2O3),Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Magnesia
(MgO),Calcium Sulphate (or) Gypsum (Ca SO4)
33 Grade Cement
33 grade cement means that the compressive strength of the cement after 28 days
is 33N/mm2 when tested as per Indian Standards under standard conditions.
43 Grade Cement
43 grade cement means that the compressive strength of the cement after 28 days
is 43N/mm2 when tested as per Indian Standards under standard conditions.
53 Grade Cement
53 grade cement means that the compressive strength of the cement after 28 days
is 53 N/mm2 when tested as per Indian Standards under standard conditions. 53
grade cement has a fast setting time as compared to 43 grade cement.
TYPES OF CEMENT
1. Ordinary Portland Cement 2. Rapid Hardening Cement 3. Extra Rapid Hardening
Cement 4. Sulphate Resisting Cement 5. Quick Setting Cement
6. Low Heat Cement 7. Portland Pozzolana Cement 8. Portland Slag Cement 9.
High Alumina Cement 10. Air Entraining Cement 11. Supersulphated Cement
12. Masonry Cement 13. Expansive Cement 14. Colored Cement 15. White Cement
CONCRETE
Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or
gravel) and Portland cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding
agent when mixed with water and aggregates . Slump test is perform to measure the consistency and workability of fresh
Factors that can Affect the Strength of Concrete
Water/Cement Ratio
Ingredients of Concrete
Curing of Concrete
The Shape of Aggregate
Grading of Aggregate
Weather Condition
Temperature
The Rate of Loading
Age of Concrete
Compaction of Concrete
CALCULATIONS
SUBMITTED TO – ER. ATUL
CURING OF CONCRETE Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering
Curing of Concrete is a method by which the concrete is protected against loss action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering
of moisture required for hydration and kept within the properties
recommended temperature range. Curing will Exposure to highly aggressive environment
increase the strength and decrease the Selection of Materials of Construction
permeability of hardened concrete Construction
Effect of Climate
Methods to Cure Concrete . Inadequate cement quantity
Water curing ,Membrane Curing ,Steam Curing Honeycombed or Un-vibrated concrete
Cold joints or bad construction joints
Affects of improper curing in concrete
The compressive strength and flexural strengths are lowered Principles of concrete mix design
The durability decreases due to higher permeability. Design of concrete mixes involves determination of the proportions of the given
The frost and weathering resistances are decreased. constituents, namely, cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates and admixtures, if
any, which wold produce concrete possessing specified properties both in the fresh
and hardened states with the maximum overall economy. Workability is specified as
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which the important property of concrete in the fresh state; for hardened state compressive
determined the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed strength and durability are important.
Factors depends upon workability
Water cement ratio
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
Type of construction work Concrete is good in resisting compressive stress but is very weak in resisting tensile
Method of mixing concrete stresses. Hence reinforcement is provided in the concrete wherever tensile stress is
Thickness of concrete section expected. The best reinforcing material is steel, since its tensile strength is high and
Extent of reinforcement bond between steel and concrete is good.
Method of compaction
Distance of transporting PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
Plain Cement Concrete is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine (generally
Method of placement
sand or crushed stone) aggregates with a paste of binder material (usually Portland
cement) and water. When cement is mixed with a small amount of water, it hydrates to
SLUMP TEST form microscopic opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into
concrete through an idea which it gives of water content needed for concrete
a rigid structure. The aggregates used for making concrete should be free from harmful
substances like organic impurities, silt, clay, lignite etc
to be used for different ideal works. A concrete is called as workable if it can
be easily mixed, placed, compacted and finished and does not show any *If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then
segregation or bleeding the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also
bending and other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete (i.e. reinforced
cement concrete) section where the concrete resists the compression and steel
resists the tension can be made into almost any shape and size for the construction
industry.
HYSD BARS ARE PREFERRED AS REINFORCEMENT IN R.C.C
. OVER PLAIN MILD STEEL BARS, DUE TO FOLLOWING REASONS
Higher Strength
Better Bond
Economy SUBMITTED BY TANYA, VIVEK, NEERAJ, PRATEEK, SAMEER,VIKRANT