BRAIN TUMOUR

TUMOUR
Tumours are groups of abnormal cells that form lumps
or growths. They can start in any one of the trillions of
cells in our bodies.
•Types of tumour
Cancerous tumour[maligant tumour]
Cancer can start in any part of the body. When
cancer cells form a lump or growth, [maligant]

Non-cancerous tumours[benign tumour]

Tumours that aren’t cancerous are called non-
cancerous tumours.
 WHAT IS BRAIN?????
The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all
functions of the body, interprets information from the
outside world, and embodies the essence of the mind and
soul. Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few
of the many things governed by the brain. Protected within
the skull, the brain is composed of the cerebrum,
cerebellum, and brainstem.
The brain receives information through our five senses:
sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one
time. It assembles the messages in a way that has meaning
for us, and can store that information in our memory. The
brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement
of the arms and legs, and the function of many organs within
our body
 PARTS OF BRAIN
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is
composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs
higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and
hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions,
learning, and fine control of movement.

Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its

function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain
posture, and balance.

Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting

the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It
performs many automatic functions such as breathing,
heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles,
digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and
swallowing.
 COMMON BRAIN DISEASES

Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually
worsens over time. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia .The most common early
symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events

Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes
abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss
of awareness.

Stroke
Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death
 BRAIN TUMOUR
• OVER VIEW
• A brain tumor is a mass or growth of
abnormal cells in your brain.
• Many different types of brain tumors exist.
Some brain tumors are noncancerous
(benign), and some brain tumors are
cancerous (malignant). Brain tumors can
begin in your brain (primary brain tumors),
or cancer can begin in other parts of your
body and spread to your brain (secondary,
or metastatic, brain tumors).
TYPES OF BRAIN TUMOUR
There are more than 120 types of brain and central
nervous system (CNS) tumors . The most important and
maligant type is:

Glioblastoma (GBM)

GBM develops from the lineage of star-shaped glial cells, called

astrocytes, that support nerve cells.

GBM develops primarily in the cerebral hemispheres but can

develop in other parts of the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord.
 • SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
The signs and symptoms of a brain tumor vary greatly and
depend on the brain tumor's size, location and rate of
growth.
Headaches that gradually become more frequent and
more severe
Unexplained nausea or vomiting
Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision
or loss of peripheral vision
Gradual loss of sensation or movement in an arm or a
leg
Difficulty with balance
Speech difficulties
Confusion in everyday matters
Personality or behavior changes
Hearing problems
 RISK FACTORS
Risk factors include:

Exposure to radiation: People who have been exposed to

a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an
increased risk of brain tumor. Examples of ionizing
radiation include radiation therapy used to treat cancer
and radiation exposure caused by atomic bombs.

Family history of brain tumors: A small portion of brain

tumors occurs in people with a family history of brain
tumors or a family history of genetic syndromes that
increase the risk of brain tumors.
 CAUSES
• Substances that causes cancers are called as
carcinogens.

Primary brain tumors arise from many types of brain

tissue (for example, glial cells, astrocytes, and other
brain cell types).

 Metastatic brain cancer is caused by the spread of

cancer cells from a body organ to the brain. However,
the causes for the change from normal cells to cancer
cells in both metastatic and primary brain tumors are
not fully understood.
  DIAGNOSIS
Initial test :
The initial test is an interview that includes a medical
history and physical examination of the person by a
health care provider. The results of this interaction will
determine if other specific tests need to be done.
Frequently used test :
CT scan (computerized tomography) :
This test resembles a series of X-rays and is not
painful, although sometimes a dye needs to be
injected into a vein for better images of some internal
brain structures.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) :
This test also shows the brain structures in detail better
than CT.
  TREATMENT
Surgery is the primary treatment for brain tumors that
can be removed without causing severe damage. Many
benign (non-cancerous) tumors are treated only by
surgery. Most malignant (cancerous) tumors, however,
require treatment in addition to the surgery, such as
radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.
• SURGERY
A craniotomy is the most common type of operation
for a brain tumour. The surgeon cuts out an area of
bone from your skull. This gives an opening so that
the surgeon can operate on the brain itself.
You have scans before your operation to help the
surgeon know where exactly the tumour is. Scans are
also sometimes carried out during surgery. Some
surgeons use an image guided system where the
scans are loaded into a computer to give the precise
position of your tumour.
After removing the brain tumour, the surgeon puts
the area of bone (called a flap) back.
ANALYSIS OF TUMOUR LOCATION