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Pressure drawdown and buildup analysis for oil and gas wells
Case study
Part 1
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Note:
pressure/flow rate information →
parameters/future flow rate/future pressure
Outlines of Reservoir Engineering
(1) Introduction
Petrophysical properties ( Rock properties)
Fluid properties (gas, water, crude properties)
Calculations of hydrocarbon volumes
Fluid pressure regimes
Density of sandstone
gm 2.2lbm (0.3048 100cm)3
2.7 3
cm 1000 gm (1 ft)3
lbm 1slug
168.202 3
ft 32.7lbm
slug
5.22 3
ft
Pressure gradient for sandstone
p gD
p
g
D
lbf
5.22 32.2 168.084
ft 3
lbf 1 ft 2 lbf
168.084 2 1.16 2
ft ft 144in 2
in ft
1.16( psi / ft )
Overburden pressure
OP=FP + GP
In non-isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP
In isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP + GP’
where GP’<=GP
Normal hydrostatic pressure
dP
( ) water 0.4335
dD psi/ft for saline water
Abnormal hydrostatic pressure
( No continuity of water to the surface)
dP
P ( ) water D 14.7 C
dD [=] psia
5000x0.45+15
2265Psi 2369Psi
P
5000
5100 GAS
5200 Pg=P0 =2385Psi GOC G O C (5200ft)
5300
O IL
5400
5500 OW C O W C (5500ft)
Pg=Pw =2490Psi W ater
D
5500x0.45+15
5000x0.45+15
2265Psi 2369Psi
P
5000
5100 GAS
5200 Pg=P0 =2385Psi GOC G O C (5200ft)
5300
O IL
5400
5500 OW C O W C (5500ft)
Pg=Pw =2490Psi W ater
D
5500x0.45+15
2265Psia 2450Psia
P P
5000 5000
5100 GAS 5100
5200 hydrostatic GOC 5200 G as pressure
pressure gradient GAS
5300 5300
O IL
5400 5400
5500 OW C 5500 GW C
P0=Pw =2490Psia W ater Pg=Pw =2490Psia
W ater
D D
a
( p 2 )(V b) RT (1.14)
V
z f ( P, T , composition)
composition g specific gravity(air 1)
Determination of z-factor
There are three ways to determination z-factor :
(a)Experimental determination
pV=nzRT
z=1 for p=1 atm
=>14.7 V0=nRT
n mole of gas
T pc ni Tci
i
P
Pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) Ppr
Ppc
Pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr)
T
Tpr const.(Isothermal )
Tpc
For the gas composition is not available and the gas gravity
(air=1) is available.
The gas gravity (air=1)
( g)
fig.1.7 , p18
Fig1.6 p.17
z-factor
The above procedure is valided only if impunity (CO2,N2 and
H2S) is less then 5% volume.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
1.2 (1t )2 y y2 y3 y4
0.06125Ppr te (14.76t 9.76t 2 4.58t 3 ) y 2
(1 y ) 3
This non-linear equation can be conveniently solved for y using the simple
Newton-Raphson iterative technique.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
The steps involved in applying thus are:
make an initial estimate of yk, where k is an iteration counter (which in this
case is unity, e.q. y1=0.001
substitute this value in Eq. (1.21);unless the correct value of y has been
initially selected, Eq. (1.21) will have some small, non-zero value Fk.
(3) using the first order Taylor series expansion, a better
estimate of y can be determined as
k 1 Fk
y y
k
k
(1.22)
where dF
dy
dF k 1 4 y 4 y 2 4 y 3 y 4
(29.52t 19.52t 2 9.16t 3 ) y
dy (1 y ) 4
Reservoir condition:
P=2000psia; T=1800F=(180+459.6)=639.60R; z=0.865
> 2000
E 35.35 127.8 surface volume/reservoir
0.865 639.6
or SCF/ft3 or STB/bbl
OGIP V (1 S wi ) Ei
(2) Real gas density
m V m nM
V V
where n=moles; M=molecular weight)
nM MP
M gas P
nzRT zRT gas
p z gas RT
at any p and T
M gas P
For gas gas
z gas RT
For air M air p
air
z air RT
M gas p M gas ( M ) gas
gas z gas RT Z gas g z
g
air M gas p M air ( M ) air
z air RT Z air Z
(2) Real gas density
(M ) gas
g z
(M ) air
Z
M gas ni M i
(b) If the gas composition is known, then i
M gas
g
28.97
gas g air
V z V nzRT nRT z
nRTz[ p 2 ] nRTp 1 2
p p p p p p
V nzRT 1 1 z 1 1 z
( ) V ( )
p p p z p p z p
1 V 1 1 1 z
Cg [V ( )]
V p V p z p
1 1 z
Cg
p z p
1
Cg 1 1 z
p since p.24, fig.1.9
p z p
Exercise 1.1 - Problem
since gas
g gas g air
air
gas 0.687 0.0763(lbm ft 3 ) 0.0524(lbm ft 3 )
or from
pV nzRT
pVM nMzRT mzRT
m pM
V zRT
Psc 14.7 19.91
At standard condition gas 0.0524(lbm ft 3 )
z sc RTsc 1 10.73 519.6
Exercise 1.1 -- solution -2
Exercise 1.1 -- solution -3
p gD dp gdD
lbm 1slug ft
dp
g (6.707 )32.2
s2
dD ft 3 32.2lbm
slug ft
6.707
ft 3 s 2
lb f
6.707
ft 3
lbf 1 1 ft 2
6.707 2
ft ft 144in 2
lb f 1
0.0465 2 0.0465 psi
ft
in ft
Gas Material Balance: Recovery Factor
Material balance
depletion reservoirs)
Case 2:water influx (water drive reservoirs)
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 1
G V (1 s wc ) Ei [] SCF
pi
where Ei 35.37 [] SCF / ft 3
z i Ti
Material Balance (at standard conditions)
Production = GIIP - Unproduced gas
(SC) (SC) (SC)
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
Where G/Ei = GIIP in reservoir volume or reservoir volume filled with gas =
HCPV
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 2
Gp E
1 (1.34)
G Ei
sin ce E 35.37
p
SCF
zT ft 3
p p
Gp 35.37
1 zT 1 z note :T Ti const .
G p pi
35.37 i
z i Ti zi
p pi Gp
1 (1.35)
z zi G
Gp
where the fractional gas re cov ery at any stage during depletion
G
Gas re cov ery factor
p pi pi 1
Gp
z zi zi G
G
In Eq.(1.33) HCPV const . ?
Ei
HCPV≠const. because:
1. the connate water in reservoir will expand
d ( HCPV ) d (G / Ei )
dVw dV f (1.36)
1 V f
cf
V f (p ) Vf
pore vol.
1 V f
cf
V f p
GP GP
dV f c f V f dp
Vw
1 Vw 1 dVw
cw
Vw d FP Vw dp
dVw c w Vw dp FP
FP Vf FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
FP
FP Vw FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
G
d d HCPV c wVw dp c f V f dp
Ei
Since
HCPV G
V f PV
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
HCPV G S wc
Vw PV S wc S wc
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G S wc G
d c w dp c f dp
Ei Ei 1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G G S wc 1
c w cf p
Ei initial Ei t Ei initial 1 S wc 1 S wc
G G G c w S wc c f p
Ei t Ei initial Ei initial 1 S wc
G G c w S wc c f p
1
i t i initial
E E 1 S wc
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
G cw S wc c f p
Gp G 1 E
Ei 1 S wc
Gp cw S wc c f E
1 1
G 1 S wc Ei
For cw 3 10 6 psi 1 ; c f 10 10 6 psi 1 and S wc 0.2
cw S wc c f
1 1 0.013 0.987
1 S wc
Gp E Gp E
1 0.987 computing with 1
G Ei G Ei
1.3% difference
p/z plot
From Eq. (1.35) such as
p/z
p pi G p
1 (1.35)
z zi G
p pi pi
Gp Abandon
z zi zi G pressure pab
0
Gp G
p
In v.s Gp plot
z p/z
Y=a+mx
p
y
z
x Gp
0 Gp/G=RF 1.0
pi
m A straight line in p/z v.s Gp plot means that the reservoir is
z i G a depletion type
pi
a
Water drive reservoirs
If the reduction in reservoir pressure leads to an expansion of
adjacent aquifer water, and consequent influx into the reservoir,
the material balance equation must then be modified as:
Production = GIIP - Unproduced gas
(SC) (SC) (SC)
Gp = G - (HCPV-We)E
Or
Gp= G- (G/Ei-We)E
where We= the cumulative amount of water influx resulting
from the pressure drop.
Assumptions:
No difference between surface and reservoir volumes of
water influx
Neglect the effects of connate water expansion and pore
volume reduction.
No water production
Water drive reservoirs
With water production
G
G p G We W p Bw E
Ei
Gp
pi
1
p
zi G (1.41)
z WE
1 e i
G
since We Ei
1 1
G
p pi G p
1 in water flux reservoirs
z zi G
Comparing
p pi G p
1
in depletion type reservoir
z zi G
Water drive reservoirs
pi Gp
1
p
zi G
(1.41)
z We E i
1
G
G
G p G We E (1.40)
Ei
GE
Gp G We E
Ei
E
G p G 1 We E
Ei
E
G 1 G p We E
Ei
Gp We E
G
E E
1 1
Ei Ei
Gp We E Gp We E
or G (or G a )
E E is plot as function of
1 1
E
1 E
1
Ei Ei Ei Ei
We E
or Ga G
E
1
Ei
Bruns et. al method
Gp We E
(or Ga )
E is plot as function of
1 E
1
Ei Ei
The result should be a straight line, provided the correct aquifer model has been
selected.
The ultimate gas recovery depends both on
(1) the nature of the aquifer ,and
(2) the abandonment pressure.
E--------------->F
The latter experiment, for determining the single phase z-factor, implicitly
assumes that a volume of reservoir fluids, below dew point pressure, is
produced in its entirety to the surface.
Condensate Reservoir