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SEMINAR PRESENTED BY
Siraj-uddin
M- 5633 (MVSc)
DIVISION OF LPT
Components of Milk
TS = Fat + SNF
Milk described as:
An oilinwater emulsion with fat globules
dispersed in the continuous serum phase
A Colloidal suspension of casein micelles,
globular proteins and lipoprotein particles
A solution of lactose, soluble proteins, minerals,
vitamins etc.
MILK
Total Solids
Water
Caseins
β Lactglobulin α- Lactalbumin Proteose Peptones
(α,β,γ,κ)
Approximate Composition : (Cow)
Water 87 % (8588%)
Fat 3.9 % (2.45.5 %)
SNF 8.8% ( 7.910.0%)
•
Protein 3.25%
• Lactose 4.6%
• Minerals 0.650.7% (Ca, P, citrate, Mg ,Na ,K,
Zn,Cl,Fe,Cu,So4,HCo3)
• Acids 0.18%
(citrate,formate,acetate,lactate,oxalate)
• Enzymes Peroxides, catalase, phosphatase, lipase
• Gases Oxygen, Nitrogen
• Vitamins ADEK, C&B Vitamins
Constituents of Milk:
Water
water constitutes the medium in which other
milk constituents are either dissolved or
suspended.
Mostly in free from but some portion also in
bound form being firmly bound by milk proteins,
PL etc.
Milk Fat/ Lipids
Economic importance – price index
Structure
The bulk of the milk fat in milk exists in the
form of small globules which average 3µm in
size (0.122µm).
The surface of fat globules is coated with an
adsorbed layer FGM.
FGM contains PL & proteins in the form of a
complex that stabilizes the emulsion (prevents fat
globules from coalescing & separating )
IgM forms a complex with lipoproteins called
cryoglobulin
Cryoglobulin precipitates on to the FG and cause
flocculation cold agglutination
Milk Lipids (Chemical properties)
Originate either from microbial activity in
rumen and transported to secretary cells via
blood and lymph or synthesis in the secretary
cells
Main lipids in milk are triglycerides
(glycerol+3FA , 98%)
Major Fatty acids in milk:
Long chain Short chain
C14Myristic 11% C4Butyric
C16Palmitic 26% C6Caproic
C18Stearic 10% C8Caprylic
C18:1Oleic 20% C10Capric
There is a small number of mono, diglycerides and
FFA in fresh milk which may be due to either early
lipolysis or incompelete synthesis
Other lipid classes in milk
Phospholipids (0.8%) mainly associated with FGM
Cholesterol (0.3%) mainly located in FG core
Lipids of milk
Constituent Range of Location in milk
occurrence
Triglycerides 98-99% Fat globules
PL (Lec ,ceph, sphing) 0.2-1.0% Globule
membrane and
serum
Sterols (Cholesterol, 0.25-0.40% Fat globules,
Lansterol) globule membrane
and milk serum
FFA Traces Fat globules and
milk serum
Milk Proteins
Fall into two distinct types
Caseins
Whey protein
Caseins
Found only in milk
Caseins constitute about 80% of total protein
Caseins have five classes
~ Alpha S1
~ Alpha s2
~ Beta
~ Kappa
~ Gamma (Proteolysis of βcasein) ( < 5%)
• Caseins are resistant to heat denaturation
because:
~ Primary structure completely defined
~ have a modest size
~ Do not possess an organized structure
~ Lack tertiary structure & disulfide bonds
~ Very little structure to unfold
• Present in colloidal state
• Have low solubility at pH 4.6
• Conjugated proteins (mostly with phosphate
groups)
• Calcium binding is proportional to phosphate
content.
Whey proteins
Milk precipitation at pH 4.6 Supernatant
(whey proteins )
Colloidal state
Globular proteins
more water soluble than caseins
Heat denaturable ( @ >650C)
Have good gelling and whipping properties
Principal fractions:
B – lactoglobulim, MW 18,000
Alpha lactalbumin, MW14,000
Lactose
Disaccharide one molecule each of glucose and
galactose.
By weight the most abundant of milk solids
(4.85.2% of milk; 52% of SNF,70% of whey solids)
Exists only in milk in true solution form in milk
serum.
Minerals:
Although present in small quantities, exert
considerable influence on the physico chemical
and nutritive profile of milk
All 22 minerals considered essential to the human
diet are present in milk. These include 3 families of
salts:
1) Na,K,Cl: these free ions are negatively correlated
to lactose to maintain osmotic equilibrium of milk
with blood
2) Ca,Mg,P & citrate: This group consists of
2/3Ca,1/3Mg,1/2P and <1/10 citrate in colloidal
(nondiffusible) form & present in casein micelle.
3) Diffusible salts of Ca,Mg, citrate & Po4 – these
salts are pH dependant and contribute to overall
Acid base equilibrium of milk
THE MINERAL CONTENT OF FRESH MILK
1. Phospholipids (0.21.0%)
Present in FGM & Milk serum.
Three types viz., lecithin, cephalin and
sphingomyelin
Lecithin
~forms an imp. Constituent of FGM ~contributes
to the richness of flavor of milk and other dairy
products
~ Highly sensitive to oxidative deterioration
giving rise to oxidative/ metallic flavors.
PL are excellent emulsifying agents and serve to
stabilize milk fat emulsion
2. Cholesterol (0.250.40%)
In complex formation with proteins in the nonfat
portion of milk.
Present as part of the FGM complex in fat portion
of milk
3. Pigments
i. Fat soluble carotene, xanthophyl
ii. water soluble – riboflavin
Carotene is responsible for the yellow colour of
milk, cream, butter, ghee and other fat rich dairy
products.
Acts as an antioxidant
Precursor of Vit.A
Has two forms alpha and Beta, the former yields
one while latter two molecules of Vit.A.
Dairy animals differ in their capacity to transfer
carotene from feed to milk fat.
Buffalo milk is whiter in colour
(carotenoid content 0.250.48µg/g vs. cow milk
~30µg/g)
Riboflavin, besides being a Vit. is a greenish yellow
pigment gives characteristic colour to whey
Enzymes:
Milk is rich in native enzymes
About 50 different enzyme activities are reported
only a small number has significance.
Lipoprotein Lipase
Principal lipase in milk
catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG to FFA
Present in appreciable quantities in freshly drawn
milk.
Pronounced reactions lead to production of soapy,
bitter, rancid and unclean flavors
Plasmin
Major milk proteinase
Has a trypsin like activity
Identical to blood plasmin and
concentration in milk is associated with
blood concentration
High milk plasmin is seen in conditions like
~ Early lactation
~ Late lactation
~ Udder diseases
(Leakage of blood components into milk)
Index of high plasimn activity
~ High levels of gamma casein
~ Bacteriologically sound milk
At neutral pH heat stable
Survives pasteurization / UHT treatment
Lactoperoxidase
Present in high concentrations
Catalyzes transfer of O2 from H2 O2 to other substrates
like Thiocyanate
Has potential to catalyze oxidation of USFA leading
to development of oxidized flavour
Extraneous addition of SCN and H2 o2 in milk – acts
as a powerful bactericide.
Short term preservation of milk in developing
countries where refrigeration is scarce.
Xanthin Oxidase
Catalyzes Non Specific oxidation of dairy products
Overall significance is not high.
Alkaline Phosphatase
Completely inactivated by pasteurization
used as index of efficiency of pasteurization
Vitamins
Essential for many life processes
Substantial quantities found in milk
~ Fat soluble –A,D,E,K
~ water soulble B1,B2, B6, B12, niacin,
pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid
Urea
Responsible for Seasonal variation in heat
stability
Concentration in milk controlled by
concentration in blood which in turn is
controlled by diet.
Mechanism by which urea influences heat
stability :
Urea decompose on heating to yield
isocyanate which reacts with free SH
groups in WP and/or Kappa casein
High levels of urea are associated with
very stable milk.
CONCLUSION
Milk is considered a near complete single food in
nature because it contains almost all essential
nutrients required for growth and development in
adequate and assimilable forms.
Considered as chief protective food because it has
abundant vitamins and calcium