PHOTOVOLTAIC

SOLAR
CELLS
PHOTOVOLTAIC

• Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity

using semiconducting materials that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied
in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry.
• A photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each
comprising a number of solar cells, which generate
electrical power. PV installations may be ground-
mounted, rooftop mounted or wall mounted. The mount
may be fixed, or use a solar tracker to follow the sun
across the sky.
 PV SOLAR CELLS

Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy

source: once installed, its operation generates
no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions,
it shows simple scalability in respect of power
needs and silicon has large availability in the
Earth’s crust.
PV systems have the major disadvantage that
the power output works best with direct
sunlight, so about 10-25% is lost if a tracking
system is not used. Dust, clouds, and other
obstructions in the atmosphere also diminish
the power output . Another important issue is
the concentration of the production in the
hours corresponding to main insolation, which
do not usually match the peaks in demand in
human activity cycles.Unless current societal
patterns of consumption and electrical
networks adjust to this scenario, electricity still
needs to be stored for later use or made up by
other power sources, usually hydrocarbons
Growth of solar photovoltaic
Renewable energy
Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or
another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the
direct result of differential heating of the Earth's surface
which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation
forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct
conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass
energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other
renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are
geothermal energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in
the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the
Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational
energy.
Solar
This form of energy relies on the
nuclear fusion power from the
core of the Sun. This energy can
be collected and converted in a
few different ways. The range is
from solar water heating with
solar collectors or attic cooling
with solar attic fans for domestic
use to the complex technologies
of direct conversion of sunlight
to electrical energy using mirrors
and boilers or photovoltaic cells.
Unfortunately these are
currently insufficient to fully
power our modern society.
Non-renewable energy
Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or
will not be replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many
lifetimes.
Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal,
petroleum, and natural gas. Carbon is the main element in
fossil fuels. For this reason, the time period that fossil fuels
formed (about 360-300 million years ago) is called the
Carboniferous Period.
All fossil fuels formed in a similar way. Hundreds of millions of
years ago, even before the dinosaurs, Earth had a different
landscape. It was covered with wide, shallow seas and swampy
forests.
 Coal
Coal is a black or brownish rock. We burn
coal to create energy. Coal is ranked
depending on how much “carbonization” it
has gone through. Carbonization is the
process that ancient organisms undergo to
become coal. About 3 meters (10 feet) of
solid vegetation crushed together into .3
meter (1 foot) of coal!
Peat is the lowest rank of coal. It has
gone through the least amount of
carbonization. It is an important fuel in
areas of the world including Scotland,
Ireland, and Finland.
Anthracite is the highest rank of coal.
Anthracite forms in regions of the world
where there have been giant movements of
the earth, such as the formation of
mountain ranges. The Appalachian
Mountains, in the eastern part of the
United States, are rich in anthracite.
Types of Solar cell

• Based on the types of crystal used, soar cells can be classified as,
1. Monocrystalline silicon cells
2. Polycrystalline silicon cells
3. Amorphous silicon cells

1. The Monocrystalline silicon cell is produced from pure silicon

(single crystal). Since the Monocrystalline silicon is pure and
defect free, the efficiency of the cell will be higher
2. In polycrystalline solar cell, liquid silicon is used as raw material
and polycrystalline silicon was obtained followed by solidification
process. The materials contain various crystalline sizes. Hence, the
efficiency of this type of cell is less than Monocrystalline cell.
Principle, construction and working of Solar cell

Principle : The solar cells are based on the principles of

photovoltaic effect . The photovoltaic effect is the
photogeneration of charge carriers in a light absorbing
materials as a result of absorption of light radiation.
Construction: Solar cell (crystalline Silicon) consists of a n-type
semiconductor(emitter) layer and p-type semiconductor
layer(base). The two layers are sandwiched and hence
there is formation of p-n junction.
The surface is coated with anti-refection coating to avoid the
loss of incident light energy due to reflection.
Working
 Working apart
A proper metal contacts are made on the n-type and p-type
side of the semiconductor for electrical connection
Working :
1. When a solar panel exposed to sunlight , the light energies
are absorbed by a semiconduction materials.
2. Due to this absorbed energy, the electrons are liberated
and produce the external DC current.
3. The DC current is converted into 240-volt AC current using
an inverter for different applications.
The Typical Silicon Solar Cell
Advantages

1. It is clean and non-polluting

2. It is a renewable energy
3. Solar cells do not produce noise and they are
totally silent.
4. They require very little maintenance
5. They are long lasting sources of energy which
can be used almost anywhere
6. They have long life time
7. There are no fuel costs or fuel supply problems
Disadvantages

1. Solar power can be obtained in night time

2. Solar cells or solar panels are very expensive
3. Energy has not be stored in batteries
4. Air pollution and whether can affect the
production of electricity
5. They need large are of land to produce more
efficient power supply
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