BY

Rajat Warlani And Harshal Paratkar

CONTENTS: -

 Introduction
 Objectives
 Types of Traffic survey
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION

 Traffic surveys aim to capture data that accurately reflects the real-
world traffic situation in the area. It may be counting the number of
vehicles using a road or collecting journey time information for
example, but there are many other types of data that traffic surveys
collect.
 In the past this has involved having people standing by the side of
roads and recording their observations on paper pads. In recent
years, this approach has been largely replaced by recording traffic
using video cameras, and then analyzing the video footage later in
the office.
 Even more recently, with faster Internet speeds becoming available,
some traffic data collection companies have decided to have their
video traffic surveys counted (or enumerated) by companies
overseas.
OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAFFIC SURVEY

 To grasp the variation of traffic movement from the previous M/P

(1993). Traffic survey had been conducted in 1991 for the M/P
(1993). By comparing the traffic survey result with the previous
survey result from the M/P (1993), a variation of traffic movement
will be identified.
 To formulate basic data for traffic demand in the future. In this
survey, the future traffic demand in 2022 will be forecasted. Traffic
survey results obtained will then form the fundamental data for the
forecast.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC SURVEY
 Total Volume Count
 Turning Movement Count
 Origin-Destination Survey
 Axle Load Survey
 Speed Delay
 Pedestrian And Animal Count
 Roughness Index
 Benkelmen Beam Deflection
1. TOTAL VOLUME COUNT

 Traffic Data Collection is basic requirements for transport planning.

 Traffic Data forms an integral part of national economics and such
knowledge is essential in drawing up a rational transport policy for
movement of passengers and goods by both government and the
private sectors.
 Traffic Volume Count is counting of number of vehicles passing
through a road over a period of time.
 It is usually expressed in terms of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) and
measured to calculate Level of Service of the road and related
attributes like congestion, carrying capacity, V/C Ratio, identification
of peak hour or extended peak hour etc.
 Traffic volume count or TVC is usually done as a part of
transportation surveys, TVC can be classified or unclassified.
 Purpose of Traffic Volume Survey
 The purpose classified traffic volume count is to draw inferences on the
basis of data collected.
 To provide possible solutions and improvement suggestion for the
problem identified.
 The objectives covered in it includes identifying the hourly distribution of
vehicles and peak hour, identify level of service and compare modal
composition on different hierarchy of roads.
 Methods of Doing Traffic Volume Count
 Manual Count : -
 The most common method of collecting traffic volume data is the manual
method of traffic volume count, which involves a group of people
recording number of vehicles passing, on a pre-determined location,
using tally marks in inventories.
 Raw data from those inventories is then organized for compilation and
analysis.
 This method of data collection can be expensive in terms of manpower,
but it is nonetheless necessary in most cases where vehicles are to be
classified with a number of movements recorded separately, such as at
intersections also in case where automatic methods cannot be used due
to lack of infrastructure, necessary authorization etc.
 Automatic Count: -
 This method is employed in cases where manual count method is not
feasible.
 Various instruments are available for automatic count, which have their own
merits and demerits.
 Some of the widely used instruments are pneumatic tubes, inductive loops,
weigh-in-motion Sensor, micro-millimeter wave Radar detectors and video
camera.
Both types of count can be classified or unclassified.
 Classified traffic volume count gives a better understanding of the types of
vehicles which uses the road and can be used for number of other purposes
apart from the transportation surveys. It can also be used for calculating the
modal split of vehicles on the road.
 Unclassified traffic volume count is done where sufficient manpower is not
available or the budget for the survey is low. This type of volume count does
not give a good information about the road.
 Automatic Traffic Counter and Classifier (ATCC): -
 The scope of the project is to count and classify vehicles passing on a
designated section of the Road with the help of portable ATCC Systems for
a minimum period of 7 days round the clock.
 The video of the vehicles movement also has to be recorded with the
date/timestamp during the same period of time.
 Factors to be considered while doing a traffic volume survey:
 Surveyor should not affect the flow of traffic.
 Survey station should be located at position where queuing do not take
place.
 Vehicles should be classified if possible as it saves time for Classified Traffic
Volume Survey. Also classified results have many other application.
 Equipments used while automatic count should be placed such that they do
not draw attention of driver.
2. TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
 This survey involves capturing vehicle-turning movements and its
composition in an intersection.
 This information is vital for all strategic Junction Improvements, Signaling,
Planning the Pedestrian Crossing etc. Also it provides the peak hour
Turning movement information.
 We use videos, Manual and sometimes Automatic number-plate
recognition (ANPR ) (for complex Intersections) for Turning Movement
counts.
 It also identifies the Average Daily Traffic, Peak Hour Traffic and its
composition. We use manual, video and ATCCs (pneumatic tubes, IR,
radars) to survey the roadway volume and classification.
 This survey supplies information about the signal timings in an intersection
and the corresponding queue in each arm. This can be supplied as
maximum, minimum, average, spot (nth minute) queue either in car length
equivalents or meters.
 We use both manual and videos for extracting this information.
 These surveys are done manually to gauge the target subject’s opinions
and preferences of a service.
 This helps in making key decisions like pricing, customization or even the
viability of the service.
 Purpose of Turning Movement Count
 The purpose of the Intersection Turning Movement Counts is to summarize
the counts.
 This data is used in making decisions at a planning-level for example traffic
impact analyses, as well as operational analyses-level for example signal
installation and timing.
 For timing traffic signals, designing channelization, planning turn
prohibitions, computing capacity, analyzing high crash intersections, and
evaluating congestion the traffic data collected by an intersection count are
usually used.
 Methods of Doing Turning Movement Count
 Manual Observation Count : -
 During this procedure, the observer manually records each vehicle as it
proceeds through the point of interest.
 Manual counts minimize equipment cost and set-up time; however, they
can become inefficient the longer the observer stays in the field.
 Most counts focus on peak-hour conditions; therefore, the set-up time and
removal of automated equipment may not be justified.
 Automatic Counts: -
 Equipment for automatic counts typically provides volume counts on the
legs of the intersection (such as in-road count technologies) and may not
always provide turning movement counts directly, with some exceptions
(such as video imaging processing).
 Reliability of the equipment is considered the traditional disadvantage and
analysts must prepare contingency plans in case of equipment failure and
understand technology limitations.
3. Origin-Destination Survey
 The purpose of the survey cards is to collect data about actual trips being
made in the project study area.
4. AXLE LOAD SURVEY
5. SPEED AND DELAY SURVEY
 This survey evaluates the quality of the traffic movement along a route and
identifies the location, cause and extent of the delays in the same route
 . This allows the planners to develop improvements.
 Also it can be used as a tool to compare the pre and post effects of any
improvement.
 We use different methods like Floating-car method, moving-vehicle method,
ANPR, videos and GPS to study the accurate Travel Time and Delay
surveys.
 PURPOSE OF SPEED AND DELAY SURVEY

 The purpose of a Travel Time and Delay Study is to evaluate the quality
of traffic movement along a route and determine the locations, types, and
extent of traffic delays by using a test vehicle, vehicle observation or
probe vehicle.

 This study can be used to compare and evaluate operational conditions

before and after roadway or intersection improvements have been made.
It can also be used as a tool to assist in prioritizing projects by comparing
the magnitude of the operational deficiencies (such as delays and stops)
for each project under consideration.

 The Travel Time and Delay Study can also be used by planners to
monitor system performance measurements for local government
comprehensive plans.

 The methodology presented herein provides the quantitative information

with which the analyst can develop recommendations for improvements
such as traffic signal retiming, safety improvements, turn lane additions,
and channelization enhancements
 METHOD OF SPEED AND DELAY SURVEY

 Floating car technique (requires test vehicle)

 Average speed technique (requires test vehicle)
 Moving vehicle technique (requires test vehicle)
 License plate observations.
 Interview.
 ITS advanced technologies
 Gathering of traffic information based on ‘floating’ sensors.
 New collection method where the car itself functions as Sensor.
 Primary sources for floating car data are GPS devices mobile phones and
bluetooth.
6. PEDESTRIAN AND ANIMAL COUNT
7. ROUGHNESS INDEX
8. BENKELMEN BEAM DEFLECTION
 The Benkelman Beam Deflection Method is thus widely used for Evaluation
of Structural Capacity of Existing Flexible Pavements and also for Estimation
and Design of Overlays for Strengthening of any weak pavement for
Highways.
 This method may probably provide relative idea of Structural Capacity of
Existing Flexible Pavements of Runway.
 The results were obtained in terms of Characteristic Deflection in mm and
shall mean that higher the Characteristic Deflection, weaker is the pavement
structure.
 The Benkelman Beam is used with a loaded truck – typically 80 kN (18,000
lb) on a single axle with dual tires inflated to 480 to 550 kPa (70 to 80 psi).
 Measurement is made by placing the tip of the beam between the dual tires
and measuring the pavement surface rebound as the truck is moved away.
 The Benkelman Beam is low cost but is also slow, labor intensive and does
not provide a deflection basin.
 Test involved in Benkelmen Beam Deflection: Evaluation of structural
capacity of existing pavement and Estimation and design of overlay for
strenthening of weak pavement
Conclusion
 Most road projects today involve modifications to existing roadways, and the
planning, operation, and maintenance of such projects often are opportunities
for improving ecological conditions. A growing body of information describes
such practices for improving aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
 Planning boundaries for roads and assessing associated environmental effects
are often based on socioeconomic considerations, resulting in a mismatch
between planning scales and spatial scales at which ecological systems
operate. In part, this mismatch results because there are few legal incentives or
disincentives to consider environmental effects beyond political jurisdictions,
and thus decision making remains primarily local. The ecological effects of
roads are typically much larger than the road itself, and they often extend
beyond regional planning domains.
 Scientific literature on ecological effects of roads generally addresses local-to-
intermediate scales, and many of those effects are well documented. However,
there are few integrative or large-scale studies. Sometimes the appropriate
spatial scale for ecological research is not known in advance, and in that case,
some ecological effects of roads may go undetected if an inappropriate scale is
chosen. Few studies have addressed the complex nature of the ecological
effects of roads, and the studies that have done so were often based on small
sampling periods and insufficient sampling of the range of variability in
ecological systems.
Refrences
 https://planningtank.com/transportation/traffic-volume-count
 https://www.datacorp-traffic.in/turning-movement-count-survey/
 http://sites.kittelson.com/FDOT_Central_Office_Support/Downloads/Download/2
9753
 https://www.innovarytech.com/intersection-counts-turning-movement-counts/
 http://www.eastsidehighway.com/information/origin-destination-survey/
 https://planningtank.com/transportation/origin-destination-survey-methods

 https://www.nbmcw.com/roads-pavements/931-strength-evaluation-of-flexible-
pavement-of-runway-using-benkelman-beam-deflection-technique-for-surat-
airport-project.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/vikasravekar/benkelman-beam-deflection-studies
 http://www.pavementinteractive.org/deflection/