NANO MATERIALS

NANO MATERIALS

Dec 29 – 1959 @ Caltech

Lycurgus cup

4th Century cup

 NANO MATERIALS

 Nano materials are set of particles or substance where atleast one

dimension is less than approximately 100 nm

Classification of nano materials

 Spatial dimension in nano meter range

NANO MATERIALS
Quantum dot : optical properties
 Electrical properties
 The change which occur in electronic properties as the system length
scale is reduced are related mainly to the increasing influence of the wave-
like property of the electrons.

As the size of the system becomes comparable with the de Broglie wave
length of the electrons, the discrete nature of the energy states becomes
apparent once again, although a fully discrete energy spectrum is only
observed in systems that are confined in all 3 dimensions.
 Magnetic properties
Magnetic nanoparticles are used in a range of applications like imaging,
bioprocessiong, refrigeration as well as high storage density magnetic memory.

 The large surface area to volume ratio results in a substantial proportion of

atoms having different magnetic coupling with neighbouring atoms leading to
different magnetic properties

 Bulk gold and platinum are non magnetic but at the nano size they act as
magnetic particles. Au nanoparticles become ferromengentic when they caped with
the appropriate moleucles such as thiol.

 Giant magntoresistance (GMR) is a phonomenon observed in nanoscale

multilayers consisting of strong ferromagnet (Fe, Co, Ni) and a weaker or non
magnetic buffer (Cr, Cu) . It is usually employed in data storage and sensing.
Synthesis of nano materials

 Bottom to top approach

 Top to bottom approach

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

Chemical vapor deposition is a synthesis process in which the chemical

constituents react in the vapor phase near or on a heated substrate to
form a solid deposit.
CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
 CVD – Poly Si Deposition

1) Gas phase decomposition

2) Transport to the surface area
 CVD – Poly Si Deposition

3) Adsorb 5) Decompose
4) Diffuse
6) Reaction by products desorb
 Ball Milling
Ball milling is a mechanical process and thus all the structural and chemical changes
are produced by mechanical energy.

 Stainless steel container

 Small iron, hardened

steel, silicon carbide, or
tungsten carbide balls

 Ball : Material mass = 2:1

 Ball Milling
Mechno chemical reactions

Mechanochemical
treatment Reduction of crystallite
Mixture
size and amorphization
of oxides

Mechanochemical
Ba2O3 and TiO2 treatment

Nucleation of the
Growth of product
product from the
nanocrystallites
amorphous phase

Mechanochemical
BaTiO3 treatment
 Advantage
 Nanopowders of 2 to 20 nm in size can be produced. The size of nanopowder
also depends upon the speed of the rotation of the balls.

 It is an inexpensive and easy process.

Disadvantage
 Shape of the nanomaterial is irregular.
 Contaminants from ball and milling additives.
 Crystal defects
Carbon nanotubes
 Graphite ( Single crystal)

P63/mmc

a0 = 2.462 Å
c0 = 6.708 Å
ac-c = 6.708 Å
Allotrope of Graphite
Designation
Examples of folding

(10 10)
Examples of folding

(10 5)
Types of Carbon nano tubes

Armchair : Metallic
Chiral : Semiconducting
Types of Carbon nano tubes
Single and multi wall nano tubes
SEM pictures of single and Multi wall nano tubes
Arc-Discharge method

Graphite material

Inert gases : He and Ar

Discharge : Formation of plasma

Carbonaceous deposit : Carbon nano tube

DC : 18 V and 70 amp
Pressure : 500 torr
Laser Ablation method

T = 2000 ˚C
Intense laser ablate carbon target
He or Ar gas
Properties of Carbon nano tubes
Mechanical properties

Young modulus ~ 1 Tera pascal

Tensile strength ~ 200 Gpa
Bulk modulus (462 to 546 GPa)
Srongest, flexible and stiffest

Electrical properties

High current carrying capacity

Semi conductor and conductor
 Properties of Carbon nano tubes

Thermal conductivity and expansion

The almost zero in-plane thermal expansion but large inter-plane expansion of SWNTs implies
strong in-plane coupling and high flexibility against non axial strains.

Field emission
Field emission results from the tunneling of electrons from a metal tip into vacuum, under
application of a strong electric field.
The small diameter and high aspect ratio of CNTs is very favorable for field emission.

High aspect ratio

High aspect ratio means that a lower loading (concentration) of CNTs is needed
compared to other conductive additives to achieve the same electrical conductivity.
 Applications of Carbon nano tubes

Battery
 High surface area (~1000 m2/g)
 Linear geometry
Electrodes in batteries and capacitors
highest reversible capacity for Li ion battery

Field emission application

Best known field emitters
The sharpness of the tip help to emit electrons at low voltage.
Current is extremely stable
Molecular electronics
Interconnections in molecular electronics
Switches
 Applications of Carbon nano tubes

Thermal materials
Anisotropic thermal conductivity used electronic devices

Structural composites
Advanced composites requiring high values of mechanical properties

Catalyst support
High surface area
Ability to attach essentially any chemical species to their sidewalls
 Applications of Carbon nano tubes

Bio medical applications

Large part of the human body consists of carbon.
CNT is not toxic.
Ability to functionalize (chemically modify) the sidewalls of CNTs (vascular stents)

Water filtration

Filters can not only block the smallest particles but also kill most bacteria
Liquid crystals
 Mesophases
 Organic materials that exhibit more than a single transition in passing from solid
to liquid, thereby necessitating the existence of one or more intermediate phases.

 The partial ordering of the molecules in a given mesophase may be either

translational or rotational or both

Types of Mesophases
 Disordered crystal mesophases : Rotational disorder
 Ordered fluid phase: Rotational order
Classification : Molecular order
Nematic phase

 Long range orientational order

 Molecules align parallel
 Fluid phase
Cholesteric phase
 Fluid phase
 On local scale : Cholesteric and
Nematic phase
are similar

 On large scale : nx = cos (q0z+ φ)

ny = sin (q0z+ φ)
nz = 0

 Spatial period
 
q0 L
q0
 Nematic liquid crytal

Nematic liquid crystal is a transparent liquid that causes the polarization of

light waves to change as the waves pass through the liquid.

90-degree shift in the polarization of the light passing through when there is no
electric field present.

When a voltage is applied, an electric field is produced in the liquid, affecting the
orientation of the moleucles. This causes the polarization shift to be reduced.

Because their light transmission properties can be deliberately varied as a

function of applied external voltage, nematic liquids are used in alphanumeric liquid-
crystal displays
Twisted nematic display
 Dynamic scattering display

 Turbulence  Photo resistance

Smectic phase

 Solid in one direction

 Fluid in other two directions (diffusion)

 It consists of equally spaced parallel

layers

Smectic A , B & C
Shape memory alloy (SMA)

Programmed to remember to their original shape

Shape memory alloy

Shape memory effect

 Unique property of certain alloys exbhiting

Martensitic transformations

 If the alloy is deformed in the low temperature

phase, it recovers its original shape by the reverse
transformation upon heating to a critical temperature.
Austenite and Martinsite

Austenite Martensite

Cubic Monoclinic
Ni–Ti mechanical properties
 Thermodynamic aspects

Martensite finish (Mf ): temperature at which
the material is completely twinned
martensite
Martensite start (Ms) : temperature at which,
when austenite is cooled, it begins to change
into martensite
Austenite start (As): temperature at which
martensite begins to change
in austenite
Austenite finish (Af ): the temperature at
which the change in austenite is complete.
Slip and twin

Shape change upon

martensitic transformation

Accommodation of strain
by introducing slip

Accommodation of strain
by introducing twins
Shape memory effect and Superelasticity

Stress : Force per unit area

Strain : Relative change in shape or size
 One and two way shape memory alloy

One way

Af

Af

Two way
Applications
Cardiovascular Applications

Stents
Eye glass Frames
 Applications

Dental wires

Anti-scalding protection

Fire security and Protection systems

Helicopter blades

Tubes, Wires, and Ribbons

Thank you
 Martensite

Martensite

Martensite
Austenite
 A shape-memory alloy wire in its original form (above) has the internal,
crystalline structure of martensite: it's relatively soft and you can easily pull it
into a different shape—to make something like the word NASA (below). Heat it
up and it changes into austenite, springing back to its original shape in a matter
of seconds. When it cools, it remains in the same shape (so externally it's
unchanged), but internally the crystalline structure reverts back to martensite.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION : BRAGG’S LAW

2dsinθ = nλ
Bragg Brentano Geometry
X-RAY DIFFRACTION : BRAGG’S LAW

2dsinθ = nλ
Bragg Brentano Geometry
Scanning Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope

 Magnification range 15 x to 200000 x

 Resolution of 50 Å
 Applications
Energy Applications of Nanomaterials
Nanomechanics
Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles
Photonic crystals and Plasmon waveguides
Carbon Nanotube Emitters
Bandgap Engineered Quantum devices
Biological Applications of Nanoparticles
Molecular electronics and Nanoelectronics
 Ball Milling
Ball milling is a mechanical process and thus all the structural and chemical changes
are produced by mechanical energy.

 Stainless steel container

 Small iron, hardened

steel, silicon carbide, or
tungsten carbide balls

 Ball : Material mass = 2:1

 Ball Milling
Mechno chemical reactions

Mechanochemical
treatment Reduction of crystallite
Mixture
size and amorphization
of oxides

Mechanochemical
Ba2O3 and TiO2 treatment

Nucleation of the
Growth of product
product from the
nanocrystallites
amorphous phase

Mechanochemical
BaTiO3 treatment
 Advantage
 Nanopowders of 2 to 20 nm in size can be produced. The size of nanopowder
also depends upon the speed of the rotation of the balls.

 It is an inexpensive and easy process.

Disadvantage
 Shape of the nanomaterial is irregular.
 Contaminants from ball and milling additives.
 Crystal defects
SEM pictures
UV –VIS spectrophotometer
Poly-Si deposition
CHEMICAL VAPOUR
DEPOSITION