Developmental Psychology:

Week 6: Theories of Human Development

Childhood Development

ELSON S. GARINGO
Lecturer
Osias College Inc.
Review
Let’s Ponder
Learning Outcomes
Early Childhood
Review

Early Childhood
Occurs between the age of
two and about six or seven.
Early Childhood

Early Childhood is a an important time of

growth and changes as most children learn
more in early childhood than they do in the
rest of their lives
Physical Development in
Early Childhood

At this age a child can run, jump and

play, draw or write Because the
hallmark of physical development in
early childhood is great
increase of balance.
Physical Development in
Early Childhood

Another hallmark or developmental

mileage is the development of
fine motor coordination.
Physical Development in
Early Childhood

Fine motor coordination

is the purposeful use of your body in
coordination with your senses.
Brain Development
Brain Development

Synaptic growth and pruning

A process where a child’s brain learns how
to become more and more functional
during early childhood
(This why children learn so much quickly)
Nutrition and Safety

As children grow so do threats to

their health. Now let’s explore
nutrition and probable safety
concerns.
Nutrition

A baby eat a lot and there is very good

reason for this.
Nutrition

A child at this age doesn’t eat too much for

another good reason.
“truth is that around age two, growth slow
in children”
Nutritional Problems

Malnutrition
and
Obesity
Safety

While most believe that most cases of

death of death is due to illness or nutrition,
a lot of recorded cases is due to accidents.
Safety

What cause this problem?

Safety

First, parents underestimate

the child’s motor abilities.
Safety

Second, parents overestimate the child’s

cognitive abilities.
(children think and perceive
differently from adults)
Early Childhood Education

Now let’s talk about early childhood

education it is important or should we keep
our children at home to ensure safety.
Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education

Span from two years old to about six to
seven year of education.
(so this cover kindergarten up to
first grade)
Early Childhood Education

Let’s differentiate
Daycare vs Preschool first.
Early Childhood Education

Let’s differentiate
Daycare vs Preschool first.
Early Childhood Education

Let’s differentiate
Daycare vs Preschool first.
Early Childhood Education

But even we find a great school preschool

with very educated teacher, shall we send
our children or keep them at hope?
(Note: Based on our law it is not mandatory
to send our children in daycare or
preschool)
Early Childhood Education

To support the argument in favor o

preschool let’s take a look at two important
psychological concept:
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal
Development and Neuroplasticity
Brain Development again
Review

Neuroplasticity
is the brain’s ability to change and adapt to
become better at functioning
Brain Development

Using the principle of neuroplasticity,

how can we argue to send our young child
to preschool?
Zone of Proximal Development

“the distance between the actual

developmental level as determined by
independent problem solving skills and the
level of potential determined through
problem-solving”
(Vygotsky, 1978)
Zone of Proximal Development
Let me simply explain it
Therefore, ______________________
Cognitive Development
Review

Cognitive Development
is the process of growth
in the area of thinking
Cognitive Development

Previously, a child might hold two stuff toys

not knowing that is two stuff toy or not
even knowing what number is.
Cognitive Development

The cognitive developmental milestone at

this age are centration, decentration and
conservation
Cognitive Development

Centration
Involves focusing on one aspect of a
situation and ignoring others.
Cognitive Development

Decentration
a person is paying attention to multiple
aspects of a situation
Cognitive Development

Conservation
Object is the same despite how it is
presented
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

Are you smart, physically attractive and

talented? How do you know you are?
What are the chances you believe what you
believe into?
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

In this lesson we look into development

sense of self and self-socialization among
children and those who contributed to the
understanding of this concept
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

According to Charles Cooley and

Herbert Mead, the self develop through
socialization process.
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

Sense of self
Defined as a collection of beliefs that we
hold
(and this first realized during early
childhood)
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

Self-socialization
Defined as a developmental process that
allow you reflect upon yourself
Psychosocial Development in
Early Childhood

As this process begins in early childhood

there are many influencing factors.
The Looking-Glass Self

In 1902, Charles Cooley publish theory

called Looking-Glass Self in order to
explain how people develop a sense of self.
The Looking-Glass Self

First, how we imagine we appear to

other.
The Looking-Glass Self

Second, judgement we imagine that

that other people making about us.
The Looking-Glass Self

Second, is our self-image based upon

evaluation of other.
The Looking-Glass Self

This answers question like,

“How do you know you look good
today”
George Herbert Mead’s Stages

Like Cooley, Mead believe that sense

of self developed through social
interaction. Mead identified there
sequential stages that led child to
develop sense of self.
George Herbert Mead’s Stages

Play Stage
Game Stage
Generalize Other
George Herbert Mead’s Stages

Play Stage
Children act like people they
frequently see
George Herbert Mead’s Stages

Game Stage
Child between ages of five and eight
begin to take account of their action
and the action of others
George Herbert Mead’s Stages

Generalize Other
Children and you adults interact with
society and adopt to expectation of
that group.
Middle Childhood

Middle Childhood
The time between ages
seven and twelve
Physical Development in
Middle childhood

Body Type Development

Children become more conscious in
there body due to comparison to their
peers.
Physical Development in
Middle childhood

Brain Development
Prefrontal Lobe develop dramatically
during middle childhood.
Physical Development in
Middle childhood

Brain Development
Thickening of corpus callosum.
Physical Development in
Middle childhood

corpus callosum
is a band of fibers that goes from the
front of the brain to the back. It
connects the right side (or
hemisphere) of the brain with left side
of the brain.
Physical Development in
Middle childhood

What does mean for a

child’s thinking?
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood
Review

Socioemotional Development
Growth and change in relating to
others
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

Middle childhood developmental

milestone
Changing conception of
friendship and conformity
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

Friendship on early childhood in

comparison with middle childhood
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

As part of the rising importance of

friendships, peer group norms are
established in middle childhood.
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

peer group norms

Are just (fair) rules to behave (govern
behavior) that apply to a group or
friends.
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

peer group norms are one of the key

component of social conformity.
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

Social conformity
Involves being one of the crowd
(this can involve dressing, talking,
etcetera)
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

Social comparison
Using others as a source of
information
(also emerges in middle childhood)
Socioemotional Development in
Middle childhood

Social comparison
Using others as a source of
information
(also emerges in middle childhood)
Motivation and Achievement in
Middle childhood

In the development of motivation and

achievement, school is such a big
factor in development.
Atypical Development
Review

Atypical Development
is when development doesn’t follow
normal course
Atypical Development in
Middle Childhood

Learning Disorder
is a developmental disorder that cause
difficulties in learning. It usually diagnosed in
childhood or adolescence.
Atypical Development in
Middle Childhood

Reading Disorder (Dyslexia)

a psychological problem that make it
difficult to understand written language.
Atypical Development in
Middle Childhood

Disorder of Written Expression

(Dysgraphia)
Characterized by problem expressing
oneself with written language.
Atypical Development in
Middle Childhood

Mathematics Disorder (Dyscalculia)

Psychological disorder involving problems
dealing with numbers and basic
mathematical functions.
Addressing Atypical Development in
Childhood
Question?
References
• Domino, G., & Domino, M. L. (2006). Psychological testing: An
introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of Psychological Testing, 2nd Edition. John
Wiley & Sons.
• Murphy, K. R., & Davidshofer, C. O. (2014). Psychological testing:
Principles and applications, 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Geisinger, K. F., Bracken, B. A., Carlson, J. F., Hansen, J. C., Kuncel, N. R.,
Reise, S. P., & Rodriquez, M. C. (2013). APA handbook of testing and
assessment in psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
• Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2012). Psychological Testing Principles,
Applications, & Issues 8th Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
• Hogan, T. P. (2015). Psychological testing: A practical introduction.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
• Coulacoglou, C., & Saklofske, D. H. (2017). Psychometrics and
psychological assessment: Principles and applications. London:
Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier.
THANK YOU STUDENTS!
GOD BLESS EVERYONE…

ELSON S. GARINGO
LECTURER