THE EARTH AND BEYOND

Everyday, the Sun rises in the east in the morning and then it sets in the west
in the evening.
In the past, people thought that the Sun moved around the Earth. Now, we
know that the Sun seems to move because the Earth is rotating or spinning.
The spinning of the Earth on its axis is called rotation. Rotation of the earth
causes the cycle of day and night. Axis is an imaginary line drawn from the
North Poles until the South Pole of the Earth.
• It is day when the Earth faces the Sun
• It is night when the Earth does not face the Sun.
The Earth takes 24 hours to complete a spin or rotation. So, there are 24 hours
in each day on the Earth. (one complete rotation is 23 hours 56 minutes and
4,1 seconds.)
 THE EARTH AND BEYOND
Axis: poros
Line drawn: garis yang digambar
Beyond: diatas
Seems: terlihat/kelihatannya
Rotation: rotasi
Varies: beragam/bermacam macam
Equatorial: khatulistiwa
Tilt: miring
Circumference : Keliling
Circumtances: keadaan
Density: Massa jenis, densest : paling padat
Metallic core: Inti yang berlogam
Rocky Mantle: Mantel yang berbatu
 THE EARTH AND BEYOND
Today, the Earth's axis is tilted 23.5
degrees from the planet of its orbit
around the sun. But this tilt changes.
During a cycle that averages about
40,000 years, the tilt of the axis
varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees.
 HOW BIG THE EARTH IS

Earth, the third planet from the sun, is the fifth largest planet
in the solar system; only the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune are bigger. Earth is the largest of the
inner solar system, bigger than Mercury, Venus and Mars.
Meanwhile, outer planet in the solar system are Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The equatorial circumference of Earth is about 24,900 miles
(40,070 km). However, from pole-to-pole — the meridional
circumference — Earth is only 24,812 miles (39,931 km)
 Density, mass and volume
Earth's density is 5.513 grams per cubic centimeter,
according to NASA. NASA stands for National Aeronautics
and Space Administration. Earth is the densest planet in the
solar system because of its metallic core and rocky mantle.
Earth's mass is 6.6 sextillion tons (5.9722 x 1024 kilograms).
Its volume is about 260 billion cubic miles (1 trillion cubic
kilometers).
The total surface area of Earth is about 197 million square
miles (510 million square km). About 71 percent is covered
by water and 29 percent by land.
 Highest and lowest points of Earth
Mount Everest is the highest place on Earth above sea level,
at 29,028 feet (8,848 meters), but it is not the highest point
on Earth. The highest is actually Mauna Kea in Hawaii, USA.
You can only see 4,205 m (13,796 feet) of it (the rest is
underwater), but from its submarine base in the Hawaiian
Trough, it reaches up for a total of 10,205 m (33,480 feet).
The lowest point on Earth is Challenger Deep in the Mariana
Trench in the western Pacific Ocean, according to the NOAA
(National Oceanic Administration). It reaches down about
36,200 feet (11,034 meters) below sea level.
Does the Earth Move Around the Sun?
Long ago, people thought that the Earth was the centre of the
universe. They thought that the Moon and the Sun moved around
the Earth.

Nowadays, Scientist have found that it is actually the Earth that

moves around or orbits the Sun in an oval path. The orbiting or
revolving of the Earth around the Sun is called revolution.
The earth takes 365 ¼ days or one year to orbit the Sun once. A year
on the earth is the time taken for the earth to orbit the Sun once. As
the earth orbits the sun, it is constantly spinning on its axis.
 The Moon
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the
Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both
American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969.
The moon is a rocky ball about one quarter the size of the earth. It is a natural
satellite of the Earth and takes one month to orbit the earth once. A satellite is
an object that orbits another bigger object in space.
The moon orbits the Earth once every 27.322 days. As a result, the moon does
not seem to be spinning but appears to observers from Earth to be keeping
almost perfectly still.
The Sun
A star is huge ball of hot gasses that gives off light and heat. The sun looks brighter and
bigger than other stars because it is the nearest star to Earth. It is so bright that is we can
not see the other stars in the day. The composition of the Sun is 92,1 % Hydrogen and 7,9 %
Helium.
Some fact about the sun
1. How old is the sun? 4.603 billion years
2. How hot is the Sun?
a. The is core of the Sun is 15.000.000 degrees celcius
b. The Photosphere is 6.000 degrees celcius
c. The Chromosphere is 6.000 – 50.000 degrees celcius
d. The Corona is around million degree celcius and it always changes.
3. Light from the Sun reaches Earth in around 8 minutes
4. How big is the sun? You can put around 1.300.000 earths into the
sun!!!
The Moon
The Moon (or Luna) is the Earth’s only natural satellite
and was formed 4.6 billion years ago around some 30–
50 million years after the formation of the solar system
. The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth
meaning the same side is always facing the Earth. The
first unmanned mission to the Moon was in 1959 by
the Soviet Lunar Program with the first manned
landing being Apollo 11 in 1969. the surface of the
moon is -233 to 123 degrees C.
Some fact about the moon

1. The Moon is drifting away from the Earth.

The Moon is moving approximately 3.8 cm away from our planet
every year. It is estimated that it will continue to do so for around 50
billion years. By the time that happens, the Moon will be taking
around 47 days to orbit the Earth instead of the current 27.3 days.
2. A person would weigh much less on the Moon.
The Moon has much weaker gravity than Earth, due to its smaller
mass, so you would weigh about one sixth (16.5%) of your weight on
Earth. This is why the lunar astronauts could leap and bound so high
in the air
3. The Moon has only been walked on by 12 people; all American
males.
The first man to set foot on the Moon in 1969 was Neil Armstrong on
the Apollo 11 mission, while the last man to walk on the Moon in
1972 was Gene Cernan on the Apollo 17 mission. Since then the
Moon has only be visited by unmanned vehicles.

4. The Moon has no atmosphere.

This means that the surface of the Moon is unprotected from cosmic
rays, meteorites and solar winds, and has huge temperature
variations. The lack of atmosphere means no sound can be heard on
the Moon, and the sky always appears black.
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and can be seen easily during twilight.
Mercury does not have any moons or rings. Your weight on Mercury would be
38% of your weight on Earth. A day on the surface of Mercury lasts 176 Earth
days. A year on Mercury takes 88 Earth days. Mercury has a diameter of 4,879
km, making it the smallest planet.