Fluid Flow – Differential Analysis

and
Conservation Laws
 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
• Finite control volume approach is very practical and useful, since it
does not generally require a detailed knowledge of the pressure and
velocity variations within the control volume
• Problems could be solved without a detailed knowledge of the flow
field
• Unfortunately, there are many situations that arise in which details of
the flow are important and the finite control volume approach will not
yield the desired information
• How the velocity varies over the cross section of a pipe, how the
pressure and shear stress vary along the surface of an airplane wing
•In these circumstances we need to develop relationships that apply at
a point, or at least in a very small region infinitesimal volume within a
given flow field. This approach - DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
• DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF
A FLOW FIELD
Control volume Flow domain

Flow out Flow out

Flow in
Flow in
Flow out Flow out

F F
Control volume analysis Differential analysis

Interior of the CV is All the details of the flow are

solved at every point within
BLACK BOX the flow domain
 LINEAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION

Element at t0 Element at t0+δt

= + + +

General Translation Linear Angular

Rotation
motion deformation deformation
 TRANSLATION

O’
v vδt
u
O

uδt

If all points in the element have the same velocity which is

only true if there are no velocity gradients, then the
element will simply TRANSLATE from one position to
another.
 LINEAR DEFORMATION
u
B u C u  x
x B C C’

δy δy

u
u x
u x

O δx A O δx A A’

 u 
 x  x   t
 

Because of the presence of velocity gradients, the element will

generally be deformed and rotated as it moves. For example,
u
consider the effect of a single velocity gradient
x
On a small cube having sides  x ,  y and  z
x component of velocity of O and B = u
u
x component of velocity of A and C = u  x
x
This difference in the velocity causes a “STRETCHING” of the volume
element by a volume
 u 
  x   y  z   t 
x 

Rate at which the volume V is changing per unit volume due

u
the gradient
x
1 d  V   u
 

x
 t 

 u
 Lim 
V dt  t 0 t  x
 
 v w
If the velocity gradients & are also present
y z

1 d  V  u v w
  
V dt x y z

This rate of change of volume per unit volume is called the

VOLUMETRIC DILATION RATE
Volume of the fluid may change as the element moves from one
location to another in the flow field
Incompressible fluid – volumetric dilation rate = zero
Change in volume element = zero; fluid density = constant
(The element mass is conserved)
 Variations in the velocity in the direction of velocity cause
LINEAR DEFORMATION

u v w
, &
x y z
Linear deformation of the element does not change the shape of
the element
Cross derivates cause the element to ROTATE and undergo
ANGULAR DEFORMATION
u v
,
y x
Angular deformation of the element changes the shape of the
element
 ANGULAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION
 u 
  y  t
 y 
u
u y
B y C
B B’ C


δy δy A’

v  v 
v  x  x   t
u v x   
x
O δx A O δx A

Consider x-y plane. In a short time interval t line segment OA and

OB will rotate through angles  and  to the new positions OA’
and OB’
Angular velocity of OA, OA
a
 oA  Lim
 t 0  t
For small angles
 v  x  t   v  t  v

 oA  Lim  x
 
 t   v

Tan    x 
 t 0  t  x
x x 

v x  - positive  oA - counterclockwise


 oB  Lim
 t 0  t
 u   y  t   u  
 y    y   t 
  u  oB  Lim      u
Tan     t  t  0  t  y
 y y




 u 
 y 
 
- positive  oB - clockwise
Rotation z of the element about the z-axis is defined as the average
of the angular velocities oA and oB of the two mutually
perpendicular lines OA and OB. Thus, if counterclockwise rotation is
considered positive, it follows that
1 v u
 z    
2 x  y

Rotation x of the element about the x-axis

1  w v 
 x    
2  y z

Rotation yof the element about the y-axis

1u w
 y    
2z x

   x î   y ĵ   z k̂
 1 1
  curl V    V
2 2
Vorticity  is defined as the vector that is twice the rotation vector

  2   V
Fluid element will rotate about the z axis as an undeformed block
u v
(ie., oA = - oB ) only when  Otherwise, the
y x
rotation will be associated with an angular deformation
v u
  Rotation around the z axis is zero.
x y
Rotation and vorticity are zero;
 V  0
FLOW FIELD IS IRROTATIONAL
In addition to rotation associated with derivatives  u &
v
y x
These derivatives can cause the fluid element to undergo an angular
deformation which results in change of shape
Change in the original right angle formed by the lines OA and
OB is SHEARING STRAIN 

 =  + 
 is positive if the original right angle is decreasing
Rate of Shearing Strain or Rate of Angular Deformation

  
 v
 x t  u  
 y 
 

t
u v
  Lim    Lim   
t  0  t  t  0  t  y x
 
 u v
  
y x
Rate of angular deformation is related to a corresponding shearing
stress which causes the fluid element to change in shape
u v

y x
Rate of angular deformation is zero;
Element is simply rotating as an
Rotation undeformed block
 Volume = V2= V1

Time = t2 Incompressible flow field

Fluid elements may translate, distort,
and rotote but do not grow or shrink
Time = t1 in volume

Volume = V1
(a) Compressible flow field
Time = t1
Fluid elements may grow or shrink in
Volume = V1 volume as they translate, distort or
rotate
Time = t2

Volume = V2
(b)
 CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY EQUATION

 
DBsys 
 bdV  bV  n̂dA
Dt t z1
x1

cv cs y1


  dV   V  n̂dA  0 y

 t cv cs x
dz
dx

dy

Time rate of change Time rate of change of

 
Net rate of flow of
of the mass of the the mass of the
mass through the
coincident system contents of the
control surface
coincident control
volume

 
  dV  xyz
 t cv t
 V  n̂dA   v 
cs v  x  z  x y  z
y

z
w  x  y

u  y  z j
y
  u 
i x u  y  z  x y  z
x
k

  w 
w  x  y 
z
x y  z v  x  z
 
  dV   V  n̂dA  0
 t cv cs

xyz  u  y  z  v  x  z  w  x  y  u  y  z
t
  u    v    w 
 x y  z  v  x  z  x y  z  w  x  y  x y  z  0
x y z

  u  v   w 

xyz  x y  z  x y  z  x y  z  0
t x y z

  u  v   w 

   0
t x y z
     u    v    w 
   0
t x y z
  u  v  w
u  v  w  0
t x x y y z z

     u v w 
u v w      0
t x y z  x  y  z 

D
Dt
 
   .V̂  0
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

 VdV   VV  n̂dA   Fcontents of
 t cv cs control volume
RATE AT RATE AT SUM OF THE
RATE OF INCREASE
OF - WHICH x- + WHICH x- = X-COMP
MOMENTUM MOMENTUM FORCES
x-MOMENTUM ENTERS APPLIED TO
ENTERS FLUID IN CV

  u
 VdV  xyz
 t cv t

SURFACE FORCES BODY FORCES

• NORMAL STRESSES • GRAVITY FORCES
• SHEAR STRESSES • CORIOLIS FORCES
• PRESSURE • CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
  VV  n̂dA
 uv 
cs uv  y  z   x y  z
y

uw  x  y

z

y u  u  y  z  
 
 u 2
uu y  z  j x
x y  z

i x
k

 uw 
uw  x  y   x y  z uv  x  z 
z
   u 
xyz  u u  y  z   u v  x  z   u w  x  y 
t

 u u  y  z  

 u 2 
x y  z  u v  x  z  
  uv 
x y  z
x  y
  uw 
 u w  y  z   x y  z  LHS
z

u u 2 uv uw LHS

   
t x y z x y  z
   u  v   w    u u u u  LHS
u         u v w  
 t x y y   t x y z  x y  z

Du LHS
 
Dt x y  z
 yy
yx

xz yz xy

xx xx
xy xz

First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to the

plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
 P  xx  yx  zx RHS
     fx 
x x y z x y  z
 yx
 yx x z  xy z
y
z
 xx
 xx y z  x y z
 xx y z x
y
j
P
P y z i x P yz  x y z
x
k
 yx x z
Du P  xx  yx  zx
      fx CAUCHY’S EQN
Dt x x y z
  u v 
 xx  2 
u 2
 
   .V̂  xy       xz   
 u w 
 
 z x 
x 3  y x 


Du

P   u 2
  2    y   uy  xv   z   uz  wx   f x
   .V̂
 x  x  x 3
Dt       

 2u  2u  2u

Du

P
x
    
   u v w
    
 2
    .V̂   f x
Dt  x 2
y 2
z   x   x y z
2
 3 

  2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
 
 x 2
   
  

2 x 3
 .V̂   
 fx
Dt
 y 2 z  

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
  .V̂   
 fy
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 
   2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
    
  
    f x
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   x  3
2 

  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
    f y
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 

 2w 2w 2w 


Dw

P
z
    
 
    f z
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   z  3
2 

VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY


DV̂
Dt

 P   V̂    .V̂  f
2
3
 
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY


DV̂
Dt

 P   V̂    .V̂  f
2
3
 
VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂
  P   V̂  f
2
Dt

INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂
  P  f EULER’S EQN
Dt
  u u u u  p
   u  v  w     g
 t x y z  x
u p z
Along a stream line u    g s g
s s s gsin z

u p z
u ds   ds  g ds
s s s

udu   dp  gdz
u2
  P  gz  C
2
2
p u
  gz  C
 2
 Continuity equation D
Dt
 
   .V̂  0
X- momentum
  2u  2u  2u 

Du

P
x
    
  
  
 .V̂

  fx
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   x  3
2 
Y- momentum
  2v  2v  2v 

Dv

P
y
    
 
    f y
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   y  3
2 
Z- momentum
 2w 2w 2w 

Dw

P
z
    
 
    f z
 .V̂
Dt  x
2
y 2
z   z  3
2 
Navier – French mathematician Stokes – English Mechanician
FOUR EQUATION AND FOUR UNKNOWNS – U,V,W AND P
Mathematically well posed
Nonlinear, second order partial differential equations