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Programming with C++

Lecture 3: Fundamental Data types

Sikander Naseem
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Numerical Data Types

 Integer data types is used  Integral type
for discreet numbers with • Boolean Type (bool)
no decimal or fractional • Enummeration Type (enum)
part. • Char Type (char, unsigned
char, wchar_t)
 Floating point data types
• Integer type (short, int,
can store floating point long, unsigned short,
numbers having decimal unsigned int, unsigned
part. long)
 So why not using Floating  Floating-point type
point types for almost all • float
data types? • Double
• long double
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Integral type
 Boolean type
• Can have one of the two variables “true” or “false”
• The values are stored as integers 0 and 1 (binary)
• Declared by bool
int main()
{// Prints the values of a boolean variable
bool b=false;
cout <<"the value of b ="<<b<<endl;
b=true;
cout <<"the value of b ="<<b;
}
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Integral type
 Character type
• Character type “char” is and integral type which represents the
letters like “A”, digits like “4”. Should be enclose with ( ‘ ).
• The character are stored as integers of their repective ASCII code,
though they appears as letters “A” and digits “4”.
int main()
{// Prints the ASCII code for the characters
char c1='A', c2='a', c3='\t', c4=':';
cout <<"c1 =" <<c1<<" with ASCII code = "<<int(c1)<<endl;
cout <<"c2 =" <<c2<<" with ASCII code = "<<int(c2)<<endl;
cout <<"c3 =" <<c3<<" with ASCII code = "<<int(c3)<<endl;
cout <<"c4 =" <<c4<<" with ASCII code = "<<int(c4)<<endl;
}
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Integral type
 Integeral type
 short, Type Name Bytes Range of Values
 int, bool 1 false or true
 long, char 1 –128 to 127 by
 unsigned short, default
 unsigned int, short 2 –32,768 to 32,767
 unsigned long unsigned short 2 0 to 65,535
int 4 –2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
unsigned int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
long 4 –2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
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Arithmetic operators
 To perform numerical calculation C++ uses
arithmetic operators such as +,-,*,/ and % (modulus
or remainder operator)

 A simple numerical calculation program.

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Increment and Decrement Operators

 Integral object’s values can be incremented or
decremented with operators ++ and – respectively
 “Pre” version e.g. ++i, and “post” version e.g. i++
int main()
{int m,n;
m=44;
n=++m; //Using "pre" version increment
cout<<"m ="<<m<<" and n="<<n<<endl;
m=44;
n=m++; //Using "post" version increment
cout<<"m ="<<m<<" and n="<<n<<endl;
}
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Composite assignment operator

 standard assignment operator =
 In addition C++ has the following composite
assignment operators +=,-=,*=,/= and %=
 Each applies the indicated operator to the varialble
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Composite assignment operator

int main()
{int m=22;
cout<<"m ="<<m<<endl;
m += 8; //adds 8 to m
cout<<"after m += 8, m= "<<m<<endl;
m /= 3; //divide m with 3
cout <<"after m /= 3, m= "<<m<<endl;
m %= 7; //converts m to reminder after diving by 7
cout <<"after m %= 7, m= "<<m<<endl;
}
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Floating-point type
 Floating-point type
• float
• double
• long double
 Use to store floating-point numerical values.
Type Name Bytes Range of Values
float 4 3.4E +/- 38 (7 digits)
double 8 1.7E +/- 308 (15 digits)
long double same as double Same as double
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Floating-point type
 All of the above programs for athematic operators,
increment and decrement operators, and
composite assignment operators can be use for
floating-point types also.
 Floating-point types can be use for storing discreet
numerical values, but….
 Using the right and sufficient type of data is
storage space and access time efficient.
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Type conversion and truncation

 In C++ “lower types” such as int are converted
(promoted) automatically to “higher type” such as
float

int main()
{int m = 10;
float f=3.1443;
f += m; // m is converted to 22.0
cout<<"f ="<<f<<endl;
f +=2; // 2 is converted to 2.0
cout <<"f ="<<f<<endl;
}
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Type conversion and truncation

 But conversion from “higher types” such as float
to “lower type” such as int is not automatic.
 This will remove the decimal part (truncation) and
the process is called type casting
int main()
{
float f=120.67;
int m = int(f); // m get the discreet part of f
cout<<"f ="<<f<<endl;
cout <<"m ="<<m<<endl;
}
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Numerical overflow
 The space allocated to a data type is limited
 Exceeding the space limit will cause numerical
overflow error
 Example
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Round off error

 The rounding off occurs in the decimal point part of a
numerical value after calculation
 For instance number 1/3 maybe stored as 0.333333
which is no equal to 1/3.
 This round off error accumulates in the next
calculations
 E.g. solving quadratic equations. The roots will not
have the exact value.
 It is best not use floating point types for equality
comparison in decision making.
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The Scientific format

 Scientific format (E-format) can be used to input
very small floating point number or very large
numbers.
 The display can output the values in both format
depending on the output value size.
 Example
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Scope, internal blocks and nesting

 { } represents a block and the beging and end of its
scope
 There can internal blocks inside another block.
This process is called nesting
int main()
{ //main function block scope starts here

{//internal function block scope starts here

}//internal function block scope ends here

}//main function block scope ends here

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Scope, internal blocks and nesting

 The scope for instance for variables is the range in which they can
identified by compilers and use.
 The scope of the variable starts from the point of declaration to the
end of the {}.
int main()
{ //main function block scope starts here
int x =22;
{//internal function block scope starts here
int x=12;
cout<<"Value of x in internal block ="<<x<<endl;
}//internal function block scope ends here
cout<<"Value of x in main() ="<<x<<endl;
}//main function block scope ends here
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The End

Thanks for coming

Reference book:
Programming with C++, SCHAUM’s outlines, John Hubbard,
3rd/2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New Delhi