Martin Luther

1483 - 1546
What was Martin’s Early Life Like?
• Born a peasant on
November 10, 1483
• His father became
wealthy making copper
• Two of his brothers died
of the plague
• His father wanted him to
Become a lawyer
• He studied to become a
lawyer
 What was Martin Luther’s Early
Spiritual Life Like?
• In July of 1505, Martin was caught in a
horrific thunderstorm.
• Afraid that he was going to die, he
screamed out a vow, “Save me, St. Anne,
and I shall become a monk.”
• On July 17th Luther entered the
Augustinian Monastery at Erfurt.
• He traveled to Rome and was disgusted
by what he saw
View from Luther’s room when he was a
Monk
 His arguments with Rome
• In 1517 Nailed his 95
arguments against the
church to a “door”
• He argued against
indulgences, relics,
and the corruption
of the Church
• His arguments were
reprinted and spread
all throughout Germany
 What happened Next?
• The church told him to take back what he
had said
• He refused
• He was called a heretic but was protected
by the local prince
• He publicly burned the paper that called
him a “heretic”
Luther burning the Papal Bull
 Okay, then What?
• The pope convinced the King of Germany
to hold a trial called “diet of worms”
• Would not recant – Declared an outlaw
• Had to hide out for a year (Edward the
Wise)
• Went back to Germany, married, and died
of old age
 What exactly where his teachings
(Lutheranism)?
• You get to heaven by believing in Jesus,
not by being good
• The Bible is the sole and final authority for
truth
• Indulgences are evil
• Holy relics are not from God
 Who was John Calvin?
• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Bible
• Salvation through faith
• Predestination
• Reformers from all over visited Geneva and
then returned home to spread Calvinism
• Set off religious wars all over Europe between
Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics.
• Was asked to lead the city of Geneva in
Switzerland
• City saw themselves as the chosen people
 Who were The Tudors?
• The Tudors were a royal
family who ruled England
from 1485 until 1603.
• The first Tudor king was
called Henry VII.
• He fought another king,
Richard III, at the Battle
of Bosworth in 1485.
Richard was killed, Henry
became king, and a new
period of history began.
Henry VII
 The Tudors
This is the Tudor family tree. It shows when people were born,
when they died, who they married and how many children they
had.
 Henry VIII
• Henry VIII was king
of England from 1509
until 1547.
• He was born in 1491,
and was only 17 years
and 10 months old
when he became king.
• Henry composed
music, which we can
listen to at

Henry VIII
A description of Henry, by an Italian called Giustinian

His majesty is twenty-nine years old, and extremely

handsome. Nature could not have done more for him.
He is much handsomer than any other sovereign in
Christendom; a great deal handsomer then the King
of France; very fair, and his whole frame admirably
proportioned. On hearing that Francis I (the King of
France) wore a beard, he allowed his own to grow;
and as it is reddish, he has now got a beard that looks
like gold.
A description of Henry, by an Italian called Giustinian

He is very accomplished; a good musician; composes

well; is a most capital horseman; a fine jouster;
speaks good French, Latin and Spanish; is very
religious; hears three masses daily when he hunts,
and sometimes five on other days. He is very fond of
hunting, and never takes his diversion without tiring 8
or 10 horses. He is extremely fond of tennis, at which
game it is the prettiest thing in the world to see him
play, his fair skin glowing through a shirt of the finest
texture.
 Henry and his wives
• In England, the crown is passed from the
parent to the child when the parent dies.
Henry was desperate to have a son to pass
the crown on to.
• In order to have children, Henry had to find
himself a wife. But he married not once, not
twice, but SIX times!!
• Some of these wives died, some he divorced,
some he had killed and one survived him. Let’s
have a look at these wives in more detail.
 Wife Number 1
Catherine of Aragon
• Henry married
Catherine of
Aragon in 1509.
• Catherine was a
Spanish princess.
• They had one
daughter, Mary,
who later became
Queen of England.
• Henry divorced Mary
What happened?
Catherine.
Catherine of Aragon
 Wife Number 2
Anne Boleyn
• Next, Henry fell for
Anne Boleyn.
• Henry and Anne were
married in 1533 in
secret – because
Henry hadn’t got rid
of his first wife yet!
• They had a daughter,
Elizabeth, who also Elizabeth
later became a
Queen of England.
• Henry had Anne
What happened?
beheaded. Anne Boleyn
 Wife Number 3
Jane Seymour
• After getting rid of
Anne, Henry married
Jane Seymour in
1536.
• Jane finally gave
Henry the son he so
wanted – Edward.
• Unfortunately,
Edward died when he Edward
was just 16.
• Jane died after
Whatbirth
giving happened?
to
Jane Seymour
Edward.
 Wife Number 4
Anne of Cleves
• After Jane died, Henry
sent a painter, Holbein,
to Germany in 1540 to
paint a picture of Anne
of Cleves.
• He thought she looked
very pretty, but when
he saw her he hated
her!
• He thought she was very
ugly, and called her the
“Flanders Mare”.
• They had no children.
• HenryWhat
divorced Anne.
happened?
Anne of Cleves
 Wife Number 5
Catherine Howard
• Next came Catherine
Howard.
• She married Henry in
1540.
• They had no children,
mainly because she
didn’t like Henry and
had lots of other
boyfriends!
• Henry wasn’t very happy
aboutWhat
this, and she was
happened?
beheaded in 1542.
Catherine Howard
 Wife Number 6
Catherine Parr
• Henry married his final
wife in 1543.
• She is supposed to have
been very nice and kind,
and Henry seems to have
been quite happy with
her.
• They had no children, but
stayed married.
• Catherine Parr outlived
Henry What
– he happened?
died in 1547,
while she lived until 1548. Catherine Parr
 What did Henry VIII Do?
• P. Pope wouldn’t give Henry a divorce
• O. Ousted Pope as authority in England
• P. Pope’s land sold for $
• E. England’s new church: Anglican