Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
4.3
a) Henderson–Hasselbalch
equation
b) Buffer solutions
c) Theory of Indicator
1
Introduction
Buffers are solutions that maintain a relatively
constant pH when an acid or a base is added.
2
Unbuffered solution
4
How is the buffer works?
(Acetic acid with its conjugate base
– acetate ion)
http://www.ehu.eus/biomoleculas/buffers/mm/buffer.swf
5
Characteristics of Buffered solutions
7
Buffer equation:
The Henderson-Hasselbalch
Equation
The change in pH upon the addition of an acid
or base and the pH of a buffer solution is
calculated by buffer equation:
For weak acid:
9
Indicators
Indicators are the compounds which give
visible colour change at the completion of
the reaction.
Indicators are weak acid / weak base with
pKa. The colour changes of indicators is in
range of +1 and -1 of its pKa.
Neutralization indicators or acid-base
indicators are substance which indicates
the equivalence points in neutralization.
10
Theory of indicator
The theory suggest that the colour of organic
compounds is due to presence of some
unsaturated chromophores with C=O, C=C,
N=O and N=N.
There are three theories of indicators:
a) Litmus theory
b) Ostwald theory
c) Quinonoid theory
11
1) Litmus theory
Indicators behave as litmus.
Litmus is a weak acid which give blue colour in ionic
form and red colour in unionized form.
Addition of hydroxide ion in litmus solution causes
reaction between hydroxide and hydrogen ion of litmus
releasing ionized litmus ion which give blue colour.
Addition of hydrogen ion give excess hydrogen ion in
the system which favours the formation of litmus
(unionized form) leads to development of red colour.
(Colourless) (Coloured)
14
Quinonoid theory
15
3) Ostwald Theory
According to this theory, acid base
indicator is a weak organic acid or base
which ionizes in aqueous solution to give
different colour.
Unionized and ionized forms of indicator
have different colours which indicated the
end point.
16
Ostwald Theory
- Methyl orange
17
Natural Indicators
pH increases
18
Structure arrangement of pigment
colour in red cabbage
19
20
Test
Theory of Indicator Definition and example
Litmus theory
Quinonoid theory
Ostwald Theory
21
Strong acid/strong base titration
Strong acid/ strong base titration are used
in pharmacopoeial assays :
1) Perchloric acid
2) Hydrochloric acid
3) Sulphuric acid
4) Thiamine hydrochloride
22
Choice of acid base indicator
For acid/base donate/accept 1 proton,
there will only have 1 inflection of
titration curve
Choice of acid base indicator will fall
within the inflection of titration curve
23
Choice of acid base indicator (1)
When 1M NaOH is
added to 25mL of 1M
solution of weak acid
aspirin (pka 3.5).
24
Choice of acid base indicator (2)
When 1M HCl is
added to 25mL of 1M
solution of weak
base quinine (pka
8.5).
25
Self-test
Determine which of these indicators could be
used in the titration of aspirin and which
could be used in the titration of quinine?
26
Choice of acid base indicator (3)
For acid/base donate/accept more than
1 proton
If pKa values of any acidic or basic group
differ for more than 4
there will have 2 inflection of titration
curve.
27
Choice of acid base indicator (4)
When 1M HCl is added to
25mL of 1M solution of
sodium carbonate with
(pka 10.32 and 6.38), will
have 2 titration curve.
28
Self-test
29
30
1. The pKa of histamine is 5.74. What is the ratio
of ionized to unionized histamine (a) at pH 5.74
(b) at pH 7.4
2. Find the pH of 1.25 M acetic acid and 0.75 M
potassium acetate, pKa = 3.5 (A: 4.0)
3.0.788 M lactic acid and 1.27 M calcium lactate.
pKa = 3.86 (A: 4.06)
31
4. 0.590 M ammonium hydroxide and 1.57 M
ammonium chloride. pKa = 9.25 (A: 8.8)
32
5.All of the following are true of buffers EXCEPT:
33
6) Calculate the ratio of acetate/acetic acid in the
medium of pH 3 (pKa 4.74) (Ans: 0.018/1)
7) Calculate the % ionization of Acetylsalicylic acid
if acetylsalicylic dissolve in a pH 3.00, pKa=3.5
solution (Ans: 24%)
34