m
m  

| M


| 


  

| 
  






 




|   
 
| 
 

  
|  


|   
M


| A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone, cell
phone, or cellular telephone) is a short-range,
electronic device used for and mobile voice or data
communication over a network of specialized base
stations known as cell sites.
| Millions of people around the world use cellular
phones. They are such great gadgets -- with a cell
phone, you can talk to anyone on the planet from just
about anywhere!
| In addition to the standard voice function of a mobile
phone, telephone, current mobile phones support
many additional services, and accessories, such as text
messaging, email, packet switching for access to the
Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera, MMS
and the list can go on and onǥ.
 m    
 
| Martin Cooper, a
Motorola researcher and
executive is widely
considered to be the
inventor of the first
practical mobile phone
for handheld use in a
non-vehicle setting.
Using a modern, if
somewhat heavy
portable handset, Cooper
made the first call on a
handheld mobile phone
on April 3, 1973 .
 m  
m
6
  






 








 

 
6




 








 
  
’ ë 



 
 
   




  
’ 





ë






 



  
 
’  
 
 


 !

 







  
  
 

!
 



 






  
 
’ " !





’ #  

$ %
’ 6 
’  
6



 
| 6

 

 
  
 



      

  

 
   g
g
Ú  

 


| PHOTO-RESIST BOARD is a piece of
glass reinforce plastic. One of the
sides is copper clad and this copper
has a photosensitive coating. When
the plastic film is peeled back this
sensitive coating is revealed.
After processing this will be the PCB.

| The PCB mask (now on a

transparency) is placed underneath
the photo-resist board, touching the
sensitive surface. The plastic film
must be removed. PCB mask and
board are then transferred to the UV
light Box.
 | The lid is shut and the box switched
on. The photo-resist board, with PCB
mask are left underneath the lid for
2 ½ minutes. The photo-resist board is
then placed in a tank filled with
developer at 25 degC.

| Develop until the resist that

has been exposed to UV has
been removed.
| When the board is taken out
of the developer it must be
washed in clean water before
transferring to the etching
tank.
| The board is now put in acid,
to etch away unrequired
copper, forming the track
pattern. The etchant is held in
a Ǯbubble etch tankǯ and is
heated to 50 degC. This
solution slowly etches away the
unwanted copper, leaving the
tracks only. At this stage it is
important to keep checking
that the PCB is completed. If it
is left in the tank too long the
copper tracks will also be
removed or damaged.
 | When removed from the etching
 

 solution, the PCB is washed and a PCB
eraser is used to remove any film from
the tracks. This must be done carefully
because the film will prevent good
soldering of the components to the
PCB. The tracks are now checked. If
there are gaps in the tracks, sometimes
they can be repaired using wire but
usually a new PCB has to be etched.

Holes through a PCB are

typically drilled with tiny
drill bits made of
solid tungsten carbide.
The drilling is performed
by automated drilling
machines with placement
controlled by a ô

 or ô


 This completed Printed The back of the PCB
Circuit Board (PCB) has all
its components soldered in
position. It has been
manufactured through the
processes described.
PCBs manufactured in
industry are designed on a
computer and then
manufactured on an
production line controlled
by computers. Usually
there is very little human
contact.

The front of the PCB

Ú


Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil.
Insulating layers are typically laminated together with epoxy
resin.
The board is typically green in color and made of materials
like polytetrafluoroethylene, FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3.
Well known prep. materials used in the PCB industry are FR
-2 (Phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (Cotton paper and epoxy),
FR-4 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (Woven glass and epoxy),
FR-6 (Matte glass and polyester),
G-10 (Woven glass and epoxy),
CEM-1 (Cotton paper and epoxy),
CEM-2 (Cotton paper and epoxy),
CEM-3 (Woven glass and epoxy),
CEM-4 (Woven glass and epoxy),
CEM-5 (Woven glass and polyester).
Display Screen
| There are 3 different types
of Displays used in Mobiles:
r LCD
r LED Screen
r OLED Screen

P
 
  

| A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical amplitude
modulator realized as a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source (backlight)
or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices
because it uses very small amounts of electric power.
| Amorphous silicon (a-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon or p-Si) are the
two main silicon technologies used in the thin film transistors for LCD's. Low-
temperature polysilicon can achieve a high degree of integration, making it the
method of choice when producing panels that require high resolution.
 P
| Like a normal diode, the LED
consists of a chip of semiconducting
material impregnated, or ô
ô,
with impurities to create a


. In an LED, when an
electron meets a hole, it falls into a
lower energy level, and
releases energy in the form of
a photon.
| The wavelength of the light emitted,
and therefore its color, depends on
the band gap energy of the materials
forming the

.
In silicon or germanium diodes, the
electrons and holes recombine by
a  ô

 

 which
produces no optical emission,
because these are indirect band
gap materials. The materials used for
the LED have a direct band gap with
energies corresponding to near-
infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet
light.
P
| An Organic Light Emitting
Diode (OLED), also Light Emitting
Polymer (LEP) and Organic Electro
Luminescence (OEL), is any LED
whose emissive electroluminescen
t layer is composed of a film
of organic compounds.

| A typical OLED is composed of an

emissive layer, a conductive layer, a
substrate,and anode and cathode
terminals. The layers are made of
organic molecules that conduct
electricity. The layers have
conductivity levels ranging from
insulators to conductors, so OLEDs
are considered organic
semiconductors.
Ú


 
| Indium tin oxide is
commonly used as the
anode material. It is
transparent to visible
light and has a high work
function which
promotes injection of
holes into the polymer
layer. Metals such
as aluminium and
| calcium are often used
for the cathode as they
have low work functions
which promote injection
of electrons into the
polymer layer.
 mm 
| M
 


 
 





 
 
 

 



 
 

 

|  



   






  
 



 


 

 


  
 
 
 
 
| 


 
  




   

 






| 
 
 



 
 




 

     

  

     

   
   
   
   

 !" # 
 $



| % 


 
 

    
 




 À

 
  
|  
#




$

|  


| 



&

  

 

  
 
    









| &

 '"(


#M($  
 




| M 
 



 )*


 

 


 



 
  
 ë&"
 )
+, 
-, 

 
 

-,+, 


P


  


|   



 
 
 


   



 






 


  


| .  
 
 
 
 
  


 
 
  
  



|  

 
 

 





 

 P

 



Ú


| 6



 

  

| ! 

   




 6


0ë X, ë, , ë1
! 


| &" 

, 
/&- 
21ë&" , ë, , ë1 X&"
 PCB Paste
printing
Assembly Palettes

Installing PCB
software PCB
testing 2
testing 1

Stockroom Inspection Trucking

  m  
G
M  G
M G

MGMMP MGP MGP MGMMP MGP MGP

G  MÚ MGÚG Ú MP MGÚG Ú MP

M M M M M M
       

       

P       

       

        

  
      

       
 




 
| Study has shown that heavy cell
phone users were subject to a
higher risk of benign and
malignant tumors of the salivary
gland.
| Those who used a cell phone
heavily on the side of the head
where the tumor developed were
found to have an increased risk
of about 50% for developing a
tumor of the main salivary gland
(parotid), compared to those
who did not use cell phones.
| The study also found an
increased risk of cancer for
heavy users who lived in rural
areas. Due to fewer antennas,
cell phones in rural areas need
to emit more radiation to
communicate effectively.
| Today,
  
technology is evolving at such a rapid pace
it's hard to tell what will happen in six months.
It's hard to predict what products will make it to
the market and which will take the crown and end
up as everybody's favorite mobile toy, business
companion or home entertainment device.
| Every technology has changed our lives, some of
them in manner more aggressive than other. It's
hard to point out to a specific technology and
make it responsible for the major changes in a life
of person but the CELL PHONE is definitely one
of them.
| In spite of a slow start and an even slower growing
rate in the first years, cell phones have now
become enough a synonym for civilization.
m




THANK YOU