Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sensor Networks
Wei Ye
USC Information Sciences Institute
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Introduction
Contention-based protocols
• CSMA — Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Ethernet
Not enough for wireless (collision at receiver)
A B C
Hidden
• MACA terminal:Access
— Multiple A is hidden from C’s CS
w/ Collision Avoidance
RTS/CTS for hidden terminal problem
RTS/CTS/DATA
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Overview of MAC Protocols
5
Example: IEEE 802.11 DCF
6
Example: IEEE 802.11 DCF
Timing relationship
7
Energy Efficiency in MAC Design
8
Energy Efficiency in MAC Design
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TDMA Protocols
Bluetooth
• Clustering (piconet)
• FH-CDMA between clusters
• TDMA within each cluster
Centralized control by cluster head
Only master-slave communication
Master polling slave and schedule tx
• At most 8 active nodes can be in a cluster
— scalability problem
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TDMA Protocols
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TDMA Protocols
Self-Organaiztion (Contd.)
• Result (if a node has n neighbors)
Uses n different channels to talk to each of
them
Schedules n time slots to send to each of them
and n time slots to receive from each of them
• Looks like TDMA, but actually FDMA or CDMA
Any pair of two nodes can talk at the same time
• Low bandwidth utilization
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Contention-Based Protocols
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Contention-Based Protocols
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Contention-Based Protocols
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Contention-Based Protocols
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Energy Efficiency: Contention
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S-MAC: Introduction
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
Schedule Synchronization
• New node tries to follow an existing schedule
• Remember neighbors’ schedules
— to know when to send to them
• Each node broadcasts its schedule every few
periods of sleeping and listening
• Re-sync when receiving a schedule update
Periodic neighbor discovery
• Keep awake in a full sync interval over long
periods
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Collision Avoidance
23
Overhearing Avoidance
Fairness Energy
Msg-level latency 25
Msg Passing vs. 802.11 fragmentation
26
Implementation on Testbed Nodes
Platform
Mica Motes (UC Berkeley)
8-bit CPU at 4MHz,
128KB flash, 4KB RAM
433MHz radio
TinyOS: event-driven
Compared MAC modules
1. IEEE 802.11-like protocol w/o sleeping
2. Message passing with overhearing
avoidance
3. S-MAC (2 + periodic listen/sleep) 27
Experiments: two-hop network
1000
• Each source node 800
sends 10 messages 600
messages
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Recent Progress: Adaptive Listen
A B C
• A sends RTS, B replies CTS, C overhears CTS
• C will wake up when A B is done
• BC can start right away
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Recent Progress: 10-hop Experiments
20 8
Latency (S)
15 6
10 4
5 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Message inter-arrival period (S) Number of hops
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S-MAC Information
URL: http://www.isi.edu/scadds/
Released S-MAC source code (for
TinyOS 0.6.1)
Currently porting to nesC environment
(TinyOS 1.0)
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