Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Nurkhasanah, Ph.D.
General characteristics
• the term carbohydrate is derived from the french:
hydrate de carbone
• compounds composed of C, H, and O
• (CH2O)n when n = 5 then C5H10O5
• not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula:
deoxysugars, aminosugars
• carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds
found in nature (cellulose: 100 billion tons annually)
General characteristics
• Most carbohydrates are found naturally in bound
form rather than as simple sugars
• Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums)
• Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood group
substances, antibodies)
• Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
• Glycosides
• Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
• Nucleic acids
Functions
• sources of energy
• intermediates in the biosynthesis of other basic
biochemical entities (fats and proteins)
• associated with other entities such as glycosides,
vitamins and antibiotics)
• form structural tissues in plants and in
microorganisms (cellulose, lignin, murein)
• participate in biological transport, cell-cell
recognition, activation of growth factors,
modulation of the immune system
Classification of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides (monoses or glycoses)
• Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses
• Oligosaccharides
• Di, tri, tetra, penta, up to 9 or 10
• Most important are the disaccharides
• Polysaccharides or glycans
• Homopolysaccharides
• Heteropolysaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
• also known as simple sugars
• classified by 1. the number of carbons and 2.
whether aldoses or ketoses
• most (99%) are straight chain compounds
• D-glyceraldehyde is the simplest of the aldoses
(aldotriose)
• all other sugars have the ending ose (glucose,
galactose, ribose, lactose, etc…)
Aldose sugars
H H H H H
C O C O C O C O C O
(H C OH)n H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
C O C O CH2OH
C O
C O
(H C OH)n H C OH C O
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH H OH
Ketose Ketotriose Ketotetrose
n=1 Ketopentose H C OH
n=0
n=2
CH2OH
Ketohexose
n=3
Carbohydrate configuration
Sistem D,L-monosakarida
Atom C kiral adalah atom karbon yang keempat tangannya mengikat
gugus yang berbeda-beda. Dalam sistem D dan L, suatu monosakarida
merupakan anggota deret D jika gugus hidroksi pada karbon kiral terjauh
dari karbon 1 terletak di sebelah kanan dalam proyeksi Fischer. Jika OH
pada karbon kiral terakhir diproyeksikan ke kiri, maka senyawa itu
merupakan anggota deret-L.
Gliseraldehide mempunyai 1 atom C kiral, mempunyai 2 enantiomer
(bentuk bayangan cermin),
CHO CH2OH
CHO
H OH O
H OH
CHO
HO H HO H
H OH
H OH
H OH H OH
H OH
CH 2OH
H OH H OH
CH2OH
D-gliseraldehid CH2 OH CH2OH
di atas, D CH2OH
O O
CH 2OH Di bawah, L
Penulisan monosakarida dari proyeksi Fischer ke proyeksi Haworth
H OH
CH2OH
HO H O
H OH
OH OH OH
H OH OH
CH2OH