Professional Documents
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Class: 5th , B
Dept: I.C
Flow Through A Pipe
V V
Steam
V Water
Heavy Crude
Types of Flow
RE < 2100 Laminar
Transitional
RE >3000 Turbulent
Volumetric Flowrate (Q)
V
A
Q
Q=VA
Mass Flow m = Qp
= AV
V
A
Where m = Mass Flow
m Q = Volume Flow
= Fluid Density
Accuracy
Repeatability
Linearity
Rangeability
Doppler process
Transit time difference process
PRINCIPLE
Doppler f low meters operate similarly to the radar speed traps
used on the road.
An emitter sends ultrasonic waves at frequency f1 (approx. 1 - 5
MHz) at angle a into the
f lowing product. The ultrasonic waves strike particles moving
through the sound field at
velocity Vp. The wavelength of the emitted wave at frequency
f1 amounts
In turn, the receiver now ‘sees’ to:
the ref lected frequency out of line because the ref lecting
λ1= C/f1
Due to its rate of motion Vp, the particle moving away from
the emitter ‘sees’ the
wavelength: λp= (C-Vp COS α ) / f1
particle is moving further away all the time, and the
The f luid velocity can be expressed as
v = c ( f2 - f 1 ) / 2 f1 cosΦ (1)
where
f2 = received frequency
f1 = transmission frequency
v = f luid f low velocity
Φ = the relative angle between the transmitted ultrasonic beam and the f luid f
low
c = the velocity of sound in the f luid
Doppler meters may be used where other meters
don't work. This might be liquid slurries, aerated
liquids or liquids with some small or large amount of
suspended solids. The advantages can be summarized
to :
Obstruct less f low
Can be installed outside the pipes(clamp on version)
Low f low cut off
Corrosion resistant
Relative low power consumption
•Needs a sufficient number of ref lecting particles in the medium
on a continuous basis.
•The particles must be large enough to provide sufficiently good ref lections
(> ./4).
•The sound velocity of the particulate material must be distinctly different from that of
the
liquid.
• The sound velocity of the medium is directly included in the measurement result.
• The particle velocity often differs noticeably from the velocity of the liquid.
•Usually, the ultrasonic field extends only into the peripheral f low. That is why indication
is
heavily dependent on the f low profile.
• The velocity needs to be far higher than the critical velocity at which particles settle.
•Very long unimpeded inlet runs (20 x D) are needed to allow conclusions to be drawn
from the f low rate.
1. Medical applications (measurement of the blood f low)
Absolute accuracy is not a requirement. Only good dynamic performance is required which
reproduces blood pulsation in the veins and arteries in great detail for diagnosis (similar to
an ECG). The sensor pad is simply applied to the skin (with coupling gel) avoiding bleeding.
By its very nature, particle concentration is high. The sound velocity of the particles also
differs sufficiently from that of the carrier medium. The f lowmeter is often used to provide
a signal when the velocity drops below the critical level. The penetration depth of the
ultrasonic
beam, which depends on the concentration, and also the f low profile tend to cause
considerable errors of measurement.
To diagonally canoe across a river with
the current flow takes less time than
against the current flow.
Clamp On method
In-Line method
CLAMP ON TYPE
IN-LINE
TYPE