Professional Documents
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Chapter 2
Spring 2019
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Agents
Human agent:
eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors;
hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for
actuators
• Robotic agent:
cameras and infrared range finders for sensors;
various motors for actuators
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Agents and environments
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Rational agents
• Rational Agent: For each possible percept
sequence, a rational agent should select an action
that is expected to maximize its performance
measure.
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Rational agents
• Rationality is distinct from omniscience
(all-knowing with infinite knowledge)
PEAS:
Performance measure
Environment
Actuators
Sensors
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PEAS
• Example: Agent = taxi driver
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PEAS
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PEAS
• Example: Agent = Part-picking robot
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Environment types
• Fully observable (vs. partially observable): An
agent's sensors give it access to the complete
state of the environment at each point in time.
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Environment types
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agents
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Simple Reflex agent
• Simple reflex agents ignore the rest of the percept history and act only
on the basis of the current percept.
• Percept history is the history of all that an agent has perceived till date.
• The agent function is based on the condition-action rule.
• Condition-action rule is like if else condition, If the condition is true,
then the action is taken, else not
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Simple reflex agents
NO MEMORY
Fails if environment
is partially observable
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Problems with Simple reflex agents are
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Model-based reflex agents
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Model-based reflex agents
description of Model the state of the world by:
current world state modeling how the world chances
how it’s actions change the world
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Goal-based agents
• These kind of agents take decision based on how far they are currently
from their goal.
• Their every action is intended to reduce its distance from goal.
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Goal-based agents
Goals provide reason to prefer one action over the other.
We need to predict the future: we need to plan & search
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Utility based agents
• The agents which are developed having their end uses as building
blocks are called utility based agents.
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Utility-based agents
Some solutions to goal states are better than others.
Which one is best is given by a utility function.
Which combination of goals is preferred?
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