Review: Kinetic – Molecular Model of

Ideal Gas
Review: Kinetic – Molecular Model of
Ideal Gas
Review: Kinetic – Molecular Model of
Ideal Gas

Alternative form of ideal gas equation:

Review: Molecular speed
Review: Molecular speed
Actual distribution of molecular speeds:
Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution
Molecular speed: example
What fraction of the ideal gas with temperature T
and mass per molecule m, has speed between v1
and v2?
3𝑘𝑇 12𝑘𝑇
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 =
𝑚 𝑚
Quiz:
What fraction of the ideal gas with temperature T
and mass per molecule m, has speed greater than

1 27𝑘𝑇
𝑣= ?
5 𝑚
Heat Capacity of Gases
and
Phases of Matter
Heat Capacity : Gases
• Heat capacities are related to how the
temperature changes when we add
heat/energy to the substance
• We add heat to an ideal gas while keeping the
gas volume constant.
Heat Capacity : Gases
• This addition of heat/energy will cause an
increase in the kinetic energies of its (point)
particles

• These changes must be equal

 Heat Capacity : Gases

Does this value agree with

measured values of molar
heat capacities?
 Heat Capacity : Gases

Does this value agree with

measured values of molar
heat capacities?
Heat Capacity : Gases

- Only true for monoatomic gas

example: He, Ne, Ar

How about diatomic and polyatomic gases?

Heat Capacity : Gases
Consider a diatomic gas.

- has translational motion: along x, y, z

Heat Capacity : Gases
Consider a diatomic gas.

- has rotational motion: about y and z

Heat Capacity : Gases
Consider a diatomic gas.

- has vibrational motion: oscillates along x

Heat Capacity : Gases
For diatomic molecules:

 additional kinetic energy associated to rotation

and vibration

 Require more energy to raise the temperature

 Higher heat capacity than monatomic

molecules
Heat Capacity : Gases
• Degrees of freedom = number of velocity
component needed to describe the motion of
a molecule completely

Equipartition theorem
“ Each degree of freedom has, on average, an
1
associated kinetic energy per molecule of 𝑘𝑇. ”
2
 Heat Capacity : Gases

• Monoatomic → 3 degrees of freedom

3
𝐾= 𝑘𝑇 kinetic energy per molecule
2
3
𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑛𝑁𝐴 ) 𝑘𝑇 total kinetic energy for n moles
2

3
𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅
2
 Heat Capacity : Gases
• Diatomic → 5 degrees of freedom
(3 trans. + 2 rot.)

5
𝐾= 𝑘𝑇 kinetic energy per molecule
2
5
𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑛𝑁𝐴 ) 𝑘𝑇 total kinetic energy for n moles
2

5
𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅
2
Heat Capacity : Gases
• Diatomic → 5 degrees of freedom
(3 trans. + 2 rot.)

Vibrational motion does not contribute

appreciably to heat capacity. Why?
Heat Capacity : Gases

3
𝑅 = 12.47 JΤmol K
2

5
𝑅 = 20.79 JΤmol K
2
Heat Capacity : Gases
• Polyatomic molecules
– Vibrational motion cannot be neglected and
rotational degrees of freedom is three (if its atoms
are not in a straight line)
Hydrogen gas
Heat Capacity : Solids
• Consider a monatomic solid. Assume we
have N identical atoms
• Each atom has 3 degrees of freedom:
corresponds to (3/2)NkT of total average
kinetic energy
• Average potential energy of a simple
harmonic oscillator is equal to average
kinetic energy: adds (3/2)NkT to total
energy
Heat Capacity : Solids
Heat Capacity: Solids
• Dulong – Petit
rule
Example:
How much heat does it take to increase the
temperature of 2.50 mol of a monoatomic ideal
gas by 50.0 K near room temperature if the gas
is held at constant volume?
 Example:
How much heat does it take to increase the
temperature of 2.50 mol of a monoatomic ideal
gas by 50.0 K near room temperature if the gas
is held at constant volume?

Quiz:
How about for a diatomic ideal gas?
Phases of Matter
P

Region A Region B
Critical
point

Triple point
Region C