NC/CNC

Machines

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 Conventional machines
• Controlled manually
• Operator is responsible
– Reads the drawing
– Loads and unloads the work-piece
– Sets tooling
– Controls the motions of tool and the work-piece
– Checks the dimensions, surface finish etc
– Increases production time with increase in complexity,
accuracy and shape
– Operator gets tired
• Makes mistakes
• Increases rejection

2
 Automatic machines
• Machines developed to meet the needs of mass production
• NC (numerically controlled) machines
– Developed in 1951
– Adapted in industry in 1957
– Flexible method of automatic control of a machine tool
– Or re-programmable automatic control
• Symbolically coded instructions
• Called part program
– Usually on a punched tape
– Magnetic tape
• Fed to tape recorder
– Called machine control unit (MCU)
• Instructions are converted into
– Machine slides
– Tool heads etc
• When the processing is complete
– Work-piece is unloaded
– Another work-piece is loaded

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 Types of NC machines
• Point-to-point NC A D
– Used in shaping and C
planning Y3 E
B
– Tool and work-piece are Y2
Y1
brought successively to a
X1
series of relative positions X2
– E.g. Drilling X3

• Reaming
• Boring etc. A to B
B to C
• Operations takes place
C to D
when the relative motion is
C to E etc.
kept fixed

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• Contouring control NC Y

– Used in controlling Curved path of

• NC cutter centre
– Lathe
– Milling machines
– Grinding machines etc
– Cutting takes place while
X
slides are in controlled O
motion
– The shapes depend upon
instantaneous velocity of
the machine slides

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Numerical control of machine tools
• A set of symbolically coded instructions
• Arranged in a proper sequence
• Called part program
• Fed to machine control unit (MCU)
• MCU executes the program step by step
– Moves different slides
– Rotates the spindle and the tool
– Change the tool if required
– Switch on/off the coolant as instructed etc.

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 Axes of NC/CNC machine tools
• Z-axis: spindle axis of machine tool
• X-axis: generally along the length of the
machine bed
• Y-axis: direction of saddle travel normal to
X-Z plane

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 Programming for NC/CNC
• NC program comprises For example
N001 G00 X050 Y050 M01
of blocks of instructions
arranged in a proper
sequence Block/ Y-
G- code
Sequence coordinate
• Each block consists of number X- Miscellaneous
coordinate
words comprises of function

– A letter
– Followed by some digits

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 Programming modes
1. Absolute mode
also called
absolute (G90)
programming 80
60
• All dimension are 20
measured from Datum 20
the two 90
110
perpendicular
edges

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 2. Incremental mode (G91)
• In this system, the next
movement of tool is
20
measure from the
previous position of the 40
tool
20
Datum 20 70 20

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 Machine origin
• Machine origin or zero is a point set by the
manufacturer

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 Program origin
• Also called the home position of tool

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 Part origin
• Fixed
– On the work piece
– Outside of the work piece
» Within the operating range of the machine

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 Operation of NC/CNC
1. Feeding the part program
2. Job is mounted on machine table
3. The machine is set to part origin

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 Part program
• Common programming languages
– Automated Programmed Tools (APT)
• Oldest
• Two axes contouring control
• One axis of linear motion
– Automatic Machining Program (AUTO MAP)
• Straight line
• Circular interpolation

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 interpolation
• Linear interpolation • Circular interpolation
(G01) (G02/03)
Y Y
Start Finish

Finish R

Start
X X

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 List of preparatory functions (G – codes)

G00 Rapid traverse, positioning (Modal)

G01 Linear interpolation (feed rate movement) (Modal)
G02 Circular interpolation, clockwise, (Modal)
G03 Circular interpolation, counter clockwise, (Modal)
G04 Dwell
G10 Tool length offset value setting (Modal)
G11 Mirror image on X – axis (Modal)
G12 Mirror image on Y – axis (Modal)
G13 Mirror image on Z – axis (Modal)
G17 Specifies X-Y plane (Modal)
G18 Specifies X-Z plane (Modal)
G19 Specifies Y-Z plane (Modal)
G20 Inch data input (Modal)

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G21 Metric data input (Modal)
G25 Unconditional Jump/Call
G26 Conditional Jump/Call if zero
G27 Machine zero point check (Modal)
G28 Automatic return to machine zero (reference point 1)
G29 Automatic return from machine zero /reference point
G30 Return to machine zero (reference point 2)
G32, G33 Thread cutting with constant lead (lathe) (Modal)
G34 Thread cutting with increased lead (lathe) (Modal)
G35 Thread cutting with decreased lead (lathe) (Modal)
G40 Tool radius compensation cancel (Modal)
G41 Tool radius compensation left (Modal)
G42 Tool radius compensation right (Modal)
G43 Tool length compensation (Modal)
G44 Tool length compensation cancel (Modal)
G50 Loading values in tool offset table
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G51 Scaling on
G52 Local coordinate preset
G53 Machine coordinate preset
G54-G59 Machine coordinate setting (zero offsets) (Modal)
G70 Programming in inches
G71 Programming in mm
G72 Scaling factor
G76 Single pass threading cycle (lathe)
G80 Canned cycle
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring cycle (feed return to reference level)
G86 Boring cycle (rapid return to reference level) 19
G90 Specifies absolute positioning (Modal)
G91 Specifies incremental positioning (Modal)
G92 Threading cycle (lathe)
G 94 Feed rate in mm/min
G95 Feed rate in mm/rev
G96 Constant surface speed (Modal)
G97 Constant revolution per minute (Modal)
G98 Feed rate in in inch/min (lathe) (Modal)
G99 Feed rate inch/revolution (lathe) (Modal)

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 Miscellaneous functions (M – Code)
M00 Program stop (temporary)
M01 Optional stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle start clockwise
M04 Spindle star counter clockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M07 Mist coolant on
M08 Flood coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Chuck clamp (Lathe)
M11 Chuck unclamp (lathe)

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M12 Tail stock spindle out (Lathe)
M13 Tail stock spindle in ( in some Lathe)
M14 Spindle on counter clockwise, coolant on
M17 Tool turret rotation forward
M18 Tool turret rotation reverse
M19 Spindle orientation
M23 Chamfering on (lathe)
M24 Chamfering off (lathe)
M25 Tailstock spindle out
M26 Tailstock spindle in
M30 Program end (reset)
M38 Door open
M39 Door close
M41 Spindle speed low range
M42 Spindle speed high range

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23
• Write a program to turn a bar of 50 mm
diameter to 46 mm diameter over a length of
30 mm. Give the details of each code used.
X50
Z100 Tool
Home
position

2
30 +X

50
-Z +Z
Part zero -X

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Solution
Block

N001 G71;

N010 G00 G90 G95 X50 Z100 T0101;

N015 X23 Z2;

N020 G97 S400 M03 M08;

N030 G01 Z-30 F0.15;

N040 X26;

N050 G00 X50 Z100;

N060 M05 M09;

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 Description
• N001 G71;
N001 - Block Number 001
G71 - Data input in mm
; - End of Block (EOB)
• N010 G00 G90 G95 X50 Z100 T0101;
N010 - Block Number 010
G00 - Rapid traverse
G90 - Absolute dimension from the origin
G95 - Feed rate in mm/rev.
X50 Z100- Position the tool at X = 50, Z = 100
T1010 - Call the tool 01 with offset number 01
; - EOB
• N015 X23 Z2;
N015 - Block Number 015
X23 Z2 - Position the tool at X = 23, Z = 2
; - EOB

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• N020 G97 S400 M03 M08;
N020 - Block Number 020
G97 - Constant spindle speed in rpm
S400 - Spindle speed = 400 rpm
M03 - Start spindle clockwise
M08 - Switch on the coolant
; - EOB
• N030 G01 Z-30 F0.15;
N030 - Block Number 030
G01 - Move the tool linear (linear interpolation)
Z-30 - towards Z=-30 i.e. Left from the present
position
F0.15 - Feed = 0.15 mm/rev
; - EOB

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• N040 X26;
N040 - Block Number 040
X26 - Position the tool at X = 26
; - EOB
• N050 G00 X50 Z100;
N050 - Block Number 050
G00 - Rapid traverse
X50 Z100- To position X = 50, Z = 100
; - EOB
• N060 M05 M09;
N060 - Block Number 060
M05 - Spindle stop
M09 - Switch off coolant
; - EOB

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Thanks

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