THEORETICAL

AND
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Daphne DIEGO Reyn MERIS
Antonio ADA Marcy REMIGIO
Yeng GARCIA
• Diego (2019) focused on theories
that tackled the subject of
decision making, its process and
how a person decides between
choices given to him/her.

Theoretical
Framework
1. Condorcet’s Decision Process
Theory
2. Herbert Simon’s Decision Making
Model
3. Frank Parson’s Trait and Factor
Theory
4. Perceptual Contrast Effect Theory
Theories
• The theory was put forward by
enlightenment philosopher
Condorcet
• It tackled the stages of a
decision process.

Condorcet’s
Decision Process
Theory
• One “discusses the principles that
will serve as the basis for
decision in a general issue; one
examines the various aspects of
this issue and the consequences of
different ways to make the
decision.”
First Stage of
the Decision
Process
• The question is clarified,
opinions approach and combine with
each other to a small number of
more general opinions.

Second Stage of the

Decision Process
• The actual choice between these
alternatives.

Third Stage of
the Decision
Process
1. Intelligence finding occasions for
making a decision
2. Design finding possible courses of
action
3. Choice choosing among courses of
action.

Herbert Simon’s
Decision Making Model
 POINTS OF
COMPLIMENT
Able to connect the
Decision Process
theory and the
Decision Making
Model.
 POINTS OF
IMPROVEMENT
 Since Herbert Simon’s
Decision Making Model
was sequential,
a diagram could’ve been
used.
Intelligence

Design

Choice
• Occupational decision making occurs
when people have achieved an
understanding of their individual
traits, a knowledge of jobs and the
labor market, and judgement about
the relationship between their
individual traits and the labor
market.
Frank Parson’s
Trait and Factor
Theory
 POINTS OF
COMPLIMENT
 Right after the
discussion of the
theory, it was
clarified why it was
important to include
it and likened it
into local terms.
Parson is best known for his interests in helping

individuals make occupational and career choices (Zunker,

2002). Frank Parson was known for vocational guidance

movement and by his theory, it will give this research

proposal a strong evidence that the external factors

affecting the decision making of an individual is very

important. The aptitudes, interests and abilities as

stated in the traits, is relevant to the external factors

which is the aptitudes—National Achievement Test, National

Career Assessment Examination, the interest or passion of

a person, and its abilities.

 POINTS OF
IMPROVEMENT
The Frank Parson’s Trait and
Factor theory could’ve been
explained thoroughly and
must have been paraphrased,
since it matched an article
in the net.
• Choosing between the decision item
and reference item

Perceptual Contrast
Effect Theory
SYNTHESIS
 POINTS OF
COMPLIMENT
 The synthesis was
fabricated through a
the Dialectic
method, and for each
theory, there was a
fallacy to contrast.
ERRORS
PARAPHRASING
 The first general theory about decision making is all about the stages of a decision process

which is the Decision Process Theory that was put forward by the great enlightenment

philosopher Condorcet (1743-1794) as part of his motivation for the French constitution of

1793. He divided the decision process into three stages. In the first stage, one “discusses the

principles that will serve as the basis for decision in a general issue; one examines the various

aspects of this issue and the consequences of different ways to make the decision.” At this stage,

the opinions are personal, and no attempts are made to form a majority. After this, follows

a second discussion in which “the question is clarified, opinions approach and combine with

each other to a small number of more general opinions.” In this way the decision is reduced to a

choice between a manageable set of alternatives. The third stage consists of the actual choice

between these alternatives. (Condorcet, 1793- 1847, pp. 342-343)

Decision Making A Brief Introduction (Hansson, 1994)
To support the Decision Process theory of Condorcet, the researchers wants to have a backup

theory which is the Decision Making Model theory of Herbert Simon, an economist, political

scientist and cognitive psychologist, whose primary research interest was decision-making.

According to Simon, decision-making consists of three principal phases: "finding occasions for

making a decision; finding possible courses of action; and choosing among courses of action."(p.
Another theory was Frank Parson’s Trait and Factor theory that states that occupational decision

making occurs when people have achieved: an accurate understanding of their individual traits

like aptitudes, interests, personal abilities, a knowledge of jobs and the labour market and the

rational and objective judgement about the relationship between their individual traits, and the

labour market. (Parson, 1908)

https://www.careers.govt.nz/resources/care
er-practice/career-theory-models/parsons-
theory/
Because of Parson’s theory, we came up to the Perceptual Contrast Effect Theory. Wherein when

we make decisions, we tend to do it by contrasting between the decision item and reference

items. When two things appear close to one another, we will tend to evaluate them against one

another more than against a fixed standard. In this theory, it shows that we compare between two

things, and we could pick one of the either choice which will makes ourselves be satisfied or

make ourselves achieve a certain goal.

Namrata Palta, The Art of Effective Communication, pp.22
GRAMMATICAL AND
SENTENCE ERRORS
This Decision Process theory is applicable to this research proposal since the researchers are

going to distinguish the different factors that are affecting the students’ decision making in

choosing a college course. Wherein they will identify what various aspects and thinking patterns

affecting the decision process of each individual.

To support the Decision Process theory of Condorcet, the researchers wants to have a backup

theory which is the Decision Making Model theory of Herbert Simon, an economist, political

scientist and cognitive psychologist, whose primary research interest was decision-making.

According to Simon, decision-making consists of three principal phases: "finding occasions for

making a decision; finding possible courses of action; and choosing among courses of action."(p.
Parson is best known for his interests in helping individuals make occupational and career

choices (Zunker, 2002). Frank Parson (He) was known for vocational guidance movement and

by his theory, it will give this research proposal a strong evidence that the external factors

affecting the decision making of an individual is very important. The aptitudes, interests and

abilities as stated in the traits, is (are) relevant to the external factors which is the aptitudes—

National Achievement Test, National Career Assessment Examination, the interest or passion of a

person, and its abilities.

Because of Parson’s theory, we (the researchers) came up to the Perceptual Contrast Effect

Theory. Wherein when we (people) make decisions, we (they) tend to do it by contrasting

between the decision item and reference items. When two things appear close to one another, we

(people) will tend to evaluate them against one another more than against a fixed standard. In this

theory, it shows that we (people) compare between two things, and we could pick one of the

either choice which will makes ourselves be satisfied (satisfy themselves) or make ourselves

(themselves) achieve a certain goal.

Basically, the theory depicts on how we (people) choose things according to what is more easy to

grant. Though that wouldn’t (would not) be appropriate nor it would be authentic for you.

Perhaps, you (a person) cheats your (their) own perspective and think that "this would be easier"

though the main goal is supposed to be hard. And you’re (they are) trying to escape that goal. The

persuasion from self and the others makes you (the person) be confused or makes you have a

"better" mind set which makes you (him) rethink of what you (he) should choose and do.
However, a person’s decision in choosing a career doesn’t (does not) only depend on their talent

or skills. Sometimes, many people are forced to choose a career that they don’t (do not) really

want; either because of internal or external factors like what is stated in the previous paragraphs.

Therefore, decision doesn’t (does not) only rely on our (a person’s) passion because there are a

lot of extrinsic factors that affects our (their) biases. In every decision making, Quantitative

Fallacy is present.
Whereas, internal biases and lack of in depth analysis in decision making could ultimately choose

that certain choice just because it’s (it is) more appealing and not appropriate enough. Therefore,

comparing two unlike things is not very useful in a decision making process because biases and

shallow analysis was committed—choosing between only two particular things is a False

Dichotomy and will not help a decision process.

CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
In this Conceptual Framework, the researchers conceptualize the risk, evidence

and decision-making that are present in the whole research proposal. The decision

making was visualized as the ‘Undecided Students’ since they are the one who are

going through the process of decision making. The evidence was also

conceptualized in the framework which is the external factors such as the

following: grade aptitude, media and technologies, socioeconomic status (SES),

parent relationship and DepED curriculum. These factors is the evidence since

they are the affecting factors on why there are still undecided students. Risk is the

approach to this factors which is the Cognitive Bias and career interventions or

development since the danger of this external factors in a decision making process

will lie on how an individual will approach and cope up to it.