Prof.

Saman Wimalasundera

MBBS . Do . PhD,
Professor in Community Medicine,
Former Head, Department of
Community Medicine,
Incharge Ophthalmologist,
Community Ophthalmology
Center,
Faculty of Medicine
University of Ruhuna
Sri Lanka
Concept of Health &
disease
 Dimension and Determinants of
Health
Health is difficult to define but easier to
understand. To many of us it may mean
absence of disease or infirmity and to many
it may mean sound body and sound mind
and sound function of the body.
• To an anatomist
Healthy body means it should
confirm to normal anatomical
structures.

• To a physiologist
Health means normal
body functions
• To a biochemist
It means normal biochemical levels /
values

• To a pathologist
It means normal cellular make up.
• To a geneticist
It means correct existence of genetic
potential

Similarly to a clinician it means no

abnormality in structure and function of the
body. When a clinician fails to detect
anything abnormal by his clinical wisdom
and laboratory tests he labels a person
no abnormality detected (NAD).
• To a psychiatrist

It means well adjusted and a balanced

personality
 Definition
“Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well being
and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity”. WHO’s 191
member states have endorsed
this statement.
 Physical Health
It means adequate body weight, height and
circumference as per age and sex with
acceptable level of vision, hearing, locomotion
or movements, acceptable levels of pulse rate,
blood pressure, respiratory rate,
chest circumference, head
circumference, waist hip ratio.
 It means The body structure and functions
confirming to laid down standards within the
range of normal development and functions of
all the systems.
 Mental health
The positive dimension of mental health is
stressed in WHO’s
definition of health as
contained in its
constitution.
 Mental health is defined “as a state of
well being in which the individual realized
his or her own abilities, can cope with
normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully and is able to
make a contribution to his or her
community”.
 A mentally normal person has the ability to
mix up with others, he/she makes friendship,
behaves in a balanced manner, keeps himself
tidy and observes adequate personal hygiene,
well oriented to time, place and person and
environments and he is unduly not suspicious of
others.
 He is cheerful and happy and enjoys life
with a purpose and he thinks positively and
has normal development and contributes
fully and is useful and productive to society
and nation.
 Social wellbeing
It is the third dimension of health. It
means ability of a person to adjust with
others in his social life, at home, at work
place and with people. Men interact with
men and they inter-relate and inter
depend on each other and pay their
effective role in accordance with a
situation.
 Essentially social wellbeing includes
inter-relation and interaction of human
beings.
Social wellbeing is a composite
function of income level, literacy,
occupation and working conditions marital
harmony, institution of a family, social
groups and have good cultural and
behavioral patterns of the society.
 Social wellbeing can be measured on
scale by taking in to consideration of
indicators like income, literacy and
occupation (as discussed under socio
economic status of family).
 Determinants of health
Heredity

Environment Health services

 Promotive,
 Physical, social, Health preventive,
biological and man- curative,
made rehabilitative

Behavior
 Actions
 Habits
 Reactions
 Belief,
attitudes
 Practices
(Lifestyles)
 Environment
The environment is considered to be
the most important determinant and input
of health.
 Man made environment
Health is influenced in the
man made environment or
artificial environment too.
It included items like
housing, transport,
industries and
communication.
 Health services

Availability, accessibility, affordability

and acceptability of health services are
considered an important determinant /
input to health.
 Health indicators

It is some what easier to defined

health for an individual. But to define
“community health” it is some what
more difficult. “Community health”
parameters are different from health
parameters of an individual.
 “Community health” can be measured
through indicators of economics, (gross
national product gross national income and
per capita income), life expectancy, under
five mortality, infant mortality, literacy
level, composite index of human
development, maternal mortality etc.
 A community is healthy when it enjoys
sound health where disease and death rate
is acceptably low, it is not threatened with
bad environments and its economy is sound
and the health resources are
available, practices are sound and
based on scientific evidences.
 Its literacy levels are high and
demographically it has balanced sex
ratio and people live long, quality of
life is good and human development
index is high.
 A village is said to be healthy if it has:
safe sources of improved water supply, safe
method of waste water disposal, paved
streets, disposal of garbage refuse and
animal excreta by manure pits, people use
sanitary latrines, female literacy is high,
girls enrolment is universal, deliveries are
conducted by trained persons, birth rate and
death rate are within acceptable limits,
immunization coverage is high and housing
condition is good.
Health is a fundamental human right.
The attainment of highest possible level
of health is the most important world
wide social goal.
 What is Disease

The meaning of “Disease” is “without ease”

(uneasiness)

Either a Physiological /Psychological dysfunction

 Illness

Not only presence of disease but involvement

of individual's perceptions and behavior in
response to disease are included. Disease is
very subjective.

Sickness
includes a state of social dysfunction too. i.e.
The role, an individual assumes when ill.
 The environment related
to disease

This refers not only to the environment the man

lives. Various environmental factors are
categorized as follows.
 1. Physical Environment

Physical aspects of environment

Air, water, light, heat, radiation, gravity,

pressure, and chemical agents etc.

man tries a great deal to control these factors.

2. Biological Environment

Certain diseases do not occur in some areas

because agents or vectors can not exist in that
environment due to biological reasons.
 Biological environment
includes

Infectious agents of diseases, reservoirs of

infective agents, vectors that transmit
diseases, plants and animals.
 3. Social Environment

The social factors relevant to health include

socio-economic status, social customs,
traditional believes, etc.
 Natural History of Disease

Refers to the course of a disease over a

period of time, unaffected by treatment.
 Disease occurrence is usually insidious. Chronic
diseases evolve over a long period and have their
own progression. The history and time period that it
spread is different from disease to disease. Most
of the diseases pass through the
following pattern.
 1. Stage of susceptibility

Risk factors that favors the occurrence of a

disease are operating in this stage.

Host factors:- Age, sex, race,

family history, nutritional status

Environmental Exposure to infectious

factors:- agents, (infections) obesity, (HT,
DM, coronary artery diseases)
During this stage the person remains free of clinical
diseases
 2. Stage of pre-symptomatic
disease

Three important factors i.e.. Host, agent and

environment interact to initiate pathogenic changes
that is adequate to cause a disease.

Still the disease does not clinically manifest.

 3. Stage of clinical disease

In this stage, the particular signs and symptoms

develop. During this stage a disease can be sub
classified in to its own severity grades.
 E.g. Cancers
Stage

I. Localized
II. Local Lymph nodes are involved

III. Involvement of other organs within the

same region

IV. Distant metastases

 4. Stage of terminations

Disease terminates and follow the following

trend

1. Spontaneous resolution –No sequels

2. Settles down but with some sequels.

3. Result in death of the patient.

 5. Stage of sequels

Disease may extinct but aftermath remains

may be an impairment is left.

Disability

Handicap
 Sequence of events
Disease Impairment Disability Handicap

Impairment
“Any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or function”.

e.g. Loss of foot, defective vision, mental retardation.

Impairment will be

 visible or invisible

 temporary or permanent

 progressive or regressive
Disability

“Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an

activity in the manner or within or within the range
considered normal for a human being”.
Handicap

Definite disadvantages for a given individual

resulting from an impairment or a disability that
limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is
normal for him/her depending on his/her age,
sex, social and cultural factors or for that
individual.

e.g. Accident Disease

Loss of foot Impairment
Cannot walk Disability
Unemployed Handicap