Transceiver architecture

Receiver architecture
• Direct detection
• Single stage conversion
• Homodyne
• Heterodyne
• role of IF
• Filter BW
• Super heterodyne
• Image reject receiver
Direct detection
• The simplest and the most basic
Rx frequency conversion
• Frequency of the signal can be shifted by multiplying with another
sinusoidal signal

LPF removes high frequency signal

Homodyne receiver
• Uses same carrier as Tx to down convert signal
• Provide coherent detection
• Translate spectrum around carrier to dc

Benefits: Disadvantage:
• Reduced system complexity • LO leakage causes self mixing
• Baseband signal is readily available • Need to generate precise LO
• High selectivity

Note : developed in 1932 after super-heterodyne(1918)

Heterodyne
• Down converting RF signal to IF (Intermediate frequency) the better
SNR and selectivity can be achieved.

Bandwidth of this filter

determines the noise power (kTB)
Filter bandwidth
• Filter have fractional bandwidth
• Doesn’t change with fcenter for given filter type
• The absolute bandwidth (BW) changes with fcenter
• The lower the fcenter the narrower the BW gets
Heterodyne channel selection
• By changing 𝜔𝐿𝑂 , different 𝜔𝐼𝑁 will down convert to the same IF
• We can have a fixed filter and move the 𝜔𝐿𝑂 to select the channel
Choice of IF
• By lowering signal frequency to IF we manage to reduce the
bandwidth therefore increase the SNR
Image rejection
Trade off of IF
Super heterodyne
• To solve the problem of image and channel selectivity, the down
conversion performed in two step
Super heterodyne architecture
Alternative image rejection
• The idea is similar to the Hartley SSB by performing 900 phase shift
Alternative image rejection
Image rejection ratio
• If everything is ideal then all of the image will be completely removed

• In practice the two signal will have amplitude and phase shift error
• The phase shift isn’t perfect 900
• Two mixer, filters and combiner also have mismatch
Image rejection ratio

• Which for ∈≪ 1 and ∆𝜃 ≪ 1𝑅𝑎𝑑 can be simplified to

Transmitter
• Direct conversion
• Heterodyne
Direct conversion
• Most of the digital modulation scheme implemented in quadrature
Carrier leakage
• In practice there is always leakage path from the LO to the output
Heterodyne
Advantage
• None of the LO operates at
the output frequency so LO
leakage does not distort the
transmitted signal
• LO is operating at low
frequency (less phase noise
and IQ mismatch)
• Gain and level control may
be much more effective at IF
Heterodyne
• Disadvantage
• Two local oscillator needed
• Additional RF mixer
• Needs a very good filter
IF trade off
• Low IF
• Lower phase noise
• Less IQ mismatch
• Needs sharper filtering