FTIR

SPECTROSCOPY
PRESENTED BY :
Zainab Khalid (FA17-BPH-033)
Sadia Tufail (FA17-BPH-067)
PRESENTED TO:
DR.SHAHID NAZIR
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Principle
FT-IR Spectrometer
Advantages
Applications
Functional Groups
What is FTIR ... ?
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is a technique used to
obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid,
liquid or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-
spectral-resolution data over a wide spectral range. ctures.
Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical
technique used to identify organic (and in some cases inorganic)
materials. This technique measures the absorption of infrared
radiation by the sample material versus wavelength. The infrared
absorption bands identify molecular components.
Principles of FTIR:
FTIR relies on the fact that the most molecules absorb light in the
infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This absorption
corresponds specifically to the bonds present in the molecule.
The frequency range are measured as wave numbers typically
over the range 4000 – 600 cm-1.
The background emission spectrum of the IR source is first
recorded, followed by the emission spectrum of the IR source
with the sample in place. The ratio of the sample spectrum to the
background spectrum
INSTRUMENTATION:
SAMPLE PREPRATION:
● Horizontal ATR – attenuated total reflectance. Allows measurement
of aqueous solutions, elastic and viscous samples which are difficult
to grind and analysis of small samples and localised organic
contamination.
● Specular reflectance – allows measurement of thin films on metals
● KBr Discs – allow suspension of powders or contaminants in IR
transparent KBr so they may be analysed
● Gas cells for head space analysis.
● Solvent extractions of low level bulk organic compounds and surface
contaminants.
● Solution cells – for measuring liquid sample in transmission mode.
Advantages of FT-IR:

● Some of the major advantages of FT-IR over the dispersive technique include:
● Speed: Because all of the frequencies are measured simultaneously, most
measurements by FT-IR
● Felgett Advantage.

● Sensitivity: Sensitivity is dramatically improved with FT-IR for many reasons. The
detector (Jacquinot Advantage) which results in much lower noise levels, and the
fast scans enable the
● (referred to as signal averaging).

Mechanical Simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is the only

continuously
 Applications:
Microscopy and imaging:
An infrared microscope allows samples to be observed and spectra measured from regions as
small as 5 microns across. Images can be generated by combining a microscope with linear or 2-D
array detectors. The spatial resolution can approach 5 microns with tens of thousands of pixels.
The images contain a spectrum for each pixel and can be viewed as maps showing the intensity at
any wavelength or combination of wavelengths. This allows the distribution of different chemical
species within the sample to be seen. Typical studies include analysing tissue sections as an
alternative to conventional histopathology and examining the homogeneity of pharmaceutical
tablets.

Nanoscale and spectroscopy below the diffraction limit:

The spatial resolution of FTIR can be further improved below the micrometer scale by integrating it
into scanning near-field optical microscopy platform. The corresponding technique is called nano-
FTIR and allows for performing broadband spectroscopy on materials in ultra-small quantities
(single viruses and protein complexes) and with 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution
FTIR as detector in chromatography
The speed of FTIR allows spectra to be obtained from compounds as they are separated by a gas
chromatograph. However this technique is little used compared to GC-MS (gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry) which is more sensitive. The GC-IR method is particularly useful for identifying
isomers, which by their nature have identical masses. Liquid chromatography fractions are more
difficult because of the solvent present. One notable exception is to measure chain branching as a
function of molecular size in polyethylene using gel permeation chromatography, which is possible
using chlorinated solvents that have no absorption in the area in question.

TG-IR (thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry)

Measuring the gas evolved as a material is heated allows qualitative identification of the species to
complement the purely quantitative information provided by measuring the weight loss.