Sampling ;

design and
procedures
Learning objects
1. Differentiate a sample from a census and identify the conditions that favour the use of as sample
versus a census.

2. Discuss the sampling design prosess.

3. Classify sampling techniques as non-probability and probability sampling techniques.
4. Describe the non-probability sampling techniques.
5. Describe the probability sampling techniques.
6. Identify the conditions that favour the use of non-probability sampling vs probability sampling.
7. Understand the sampling design process and the use of sampling techniques across countries.
8. Appreciate how the growth in online panels is shapping the manner in which sampling may be disigned
and executed.

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WHAT'S THE
DIFFERENCES ?

CENSUS VS SAMPLING

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Select a sampling technique

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Classification of sampling technique
Non-probability
Non-probability sampling is a
sampling technique in which
the researcher selects
samples based on the
subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than
random selection.
Probability
Probability Sampling is a
sampling technique in which
sample from a larger population
are chosen using a method based
on the theory of probability. For a
participant to be considered as a
probability sample, he/she must
be selected using a random
selection.
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Non-probability sampling methods
Convenience sampling
is a non-probability/non-random sampling technique used to create sample as
per ease of access, readiness to be a part of the sample, availability at a given time
slot or any other practical specifications of a particular element. The researcher
chooses members merely on the basis of proximity and doesn’t consider whether
they represent the entire population or not. Using this technique, they can observe
habits, opinions, and viewpoints in the easiest possible manner.
The most basic example of where the convenience sampling method is used is
when companies stop people at a mall or on a crowded street to distribute their
promotional pamphlets and ask questions.

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Jugdemental sampling
In judgmental sampling, the samples are selected based purely on
researcher’s knowledge and credibility. In other words, researchers choose
only those who he feels are a right fit (with respect to attributes and
representation of a population) to participate in research study.

This is not a scientific method of sampling and the downside to this

sampling technique is that the results can be influenced by the
preconceived notions of a researcher. Thus, there is a high amount of
ambiguity involved in this research technique.
For example, this type of sampling method can be used in pilot studies.

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Quota sampling
May be viewed as two-stage restricted judgemental sampling. The first stage
consist of developing controls categories,or quotas of population elements.and in
the second stage sample elements are selected based on convenience or
judgement.

If we were to examine the differences in male and female students, for example,
the number of students from each group that we would include in the sample
would be based on the proportion of male and female students amongst the
10,000 university students.

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Snowball sampling

Samples are taken in chains, starting from the small sample size getting bigger.
This method is widely used when researchers don't know much about the
population knowing only one or two people based on the usual assessment are
used as samples.Snowball sampling is particularly appropriate when the
population you are interested in is hidden and/or hard-to-reach. These include
populations such as drug addicts, homeless people, individuals with AIDS/HIV,
prostitutes, and so forth.
For example, this type of sampling can be used to conduct research involving a
particular illness in patients or a rare disease. Researchers can seek help from
subjects to refer other subjects suffering from the same ailment to form a
subjective sample to carry out the study.

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Probability sampling methods
Simple random sampling
This sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to the individuals (sample)
and then randomly choosing from those numbers through an automated process.
Finally, the numbers that are chosen are the members that are included in the
sample.
There are two ways in which the samples are chosen in this method of sampling:
Lottery system and using number generating software/ random number table. This
sampling technique usually works around large population and has its fair share of
advantages and disadvantages.

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Cluster sampling

Cluster sampling .is a way to randomly select participants when they are
geographically spread out. Cluster sampling usually analyzes a particular
population in which the sample consists of more than a few elements, for example,
city, family, university etc. The clusters are then selected by dividing the greater
population into various smaller sections.
For example, if you wanted to choose 100 participants from the entire population of
the U.S., it is likely impossible to get a complete list of everyone. Instead, the
researcher randomly selects areas (i.e. cities or counties) and randomly selects from
within those boundaries.

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Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling method with certain intervals (distances) between selected

samples. This method requires researchers to select population elements
systematically, which are the population elements that can be sampled.
For example, you can choose every 5th person to be in the sample. Systematic
sampling is an extended implementation of the same old probability technique in
which each member of the group is selected at regular periods to form a sample.
There’s an equal opportunity for every member of a population to be selected
using this sampling technique.

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Stratified random sampling

The sampling method is by dividing the population into homogeneous groups

(called strata), and from each stratum the samples are taken randomly. Samples
taken from members of the population are random and stratified but some are
less proportionally divided. This sampling is done if the members of the population
are heterogeneous (not similar).

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When to use probability sampling ?

when to use non-probability

sampling ?

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THANKS!
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