Derivation for the frequency

of RC phase shift oscillator

Oscillator is basically a device which acts as a sine
wave generator. The only requirement of an oscillator
is a DC power supply source.
Conditions for producing the oscillation are:
1. The total phase shift around the loop must be 360°.
2. Total loop gain of the circuit must be equal to unity
i.e. Aβ=1 (where A is the gain of the amplifier stage
RCandphase shift oscillator
β is feedback gain use
.
resistor capacitor (RC) network to
provide the phase shift required
by feedback signal.

1
Hence, to derive an equation for the frequency of RC phase shift
oscillator, look at the circuit shown below.
fig ‘a’
fig: h- parameter model
RC phase shift is consist of two
circuits i.e. amplifier circuit and
feedback circuit.
We can see that, the input current
of amplifier circuit is ‘Ib ‘
while, the output current of
amplifier stage is ‘Ic ‘
R1 & R2 are sufficiently large,
therefore they are replaced by its
internal input resistance hie.
Therefore, fig ‘a’ will be converted
into it h- parameter model.
Again , to simplify the h-
parameter model,
Assume ratio of (Rc/R)=k
Also we can see that hie and R3
are in series i.e.
hie+R3=R
Also converting current source 2
 Rc=kR Here, input current of feedback circuit
&, output current of feedback circuit =
hfeIb
Rc I3

fig’b’

Applying KVL in mesh 1,

RI1  I 2   h fe I b Rc  Rc I1 
1
I1  0
jC
Replacing jω by s & Rc by kR,
we get,  1 
 sC  ( k  1) R  I1  RI 2   h fe I b kR (1)

Similarly, KVL in mesh 2,

 1  (2)
 RI 1    2 R  I 2  RI 3  0
 sC 
Again KVL in mesh 3,
 1 
0 I1  RI 2    2R I3  0 (3)
 sC 

3
  1 
 sC  ( k  1) R  R 0 I1 h fe I b kR
 1 

R R
 sC 2 R  I2 0
 1 
0 R  sC  2 R  I3 0

To find I3,
Denominator of I3 , i.e. D, is
2
found as,  1  1   1  2 1 
D  (k  1) R 2 R 
 sC   R2  ( k  1) R  R  2 R
sC   sC   sC 

Solving, we get
, s 3C 3 R 3 3k  1  s 2C 2 R 2 4k  6  sCR5  k   1 (4)
D
s 3C 3
Now to find numerator of I3, i.e. D3
D3  h fe I b kR R
2

4
 D3  h fe I b kR3 (5)

 h fe I b kR3 s3C 3
I3 
s 3C 3 R 3 3k  1  s 2C 2 R 2 4k  6  sCR5  k   1

Output I c Output I
We know, A   h fe &    3
Input Ib Input h fe I b
I3 I
A  * h fe  3
h fe I b Ib

I  h fe kR3 s 3C 3
3

I b
s 3C 3 R 3 3k  1  s 2C 2 R 2 4k  6  sCR5  k   1

 h fe kR3 s 3C 3
A 
s 3C 3 R3 3k  1  s 2C 2 R 2 4k  6  sCR5  k   1
Replace s = jω, s2= -ω2, s3= -jω3
khfe R 3C 3 j 3
A 
 j 3C 3 R 3 3k  1   2C 2 R 2 4k  6  jCR5  k   1

Separating real and imaginary

parts, khfe R 3C 3 j 3
A 
  
 j  3C 3 R 3 * 3k   3C 3 R 3  5CR  kCR  1  4k 2C 2 R 2  6 2C 2 R 2  5
Dividing by jω3C3R3,
khfe
A 
 5 k   1 4k 6 
 j 3k  1  2 2 2  2 2 2    3 3 3  
  C R  C R   j C R jCR jCR 
Let 1 ⁄j= -j
khfe
A 
 5 k   1 4k 6 
 3k  1  2 2 2  2 2 2   j 3 3 3  
 C R C R    C R CR CR 
1
Let   for simplicity,
RC
khfe
A 
  
 3k  1  5 2  k 2  j  3  4k  6  (6)

As per Barkhausen criterion, ∠Aβ=0°

To make the angle of numerator term khfe =0°, equating imaginary part with zero

 
 j  3  4k  6  0

  2  4k  6  0
 2  4k  6
  4k  6 (7)
1
 4k  6
RC 6
 1

RC 4k  6
but ,   2f
1
f  (8)
2RC 4k  6

This is the frequency at which

∠Aβ=0°
This is the frequency at which oscillation takes place.
Now to find the value of hkh for oscillation, put
A  fe fe
equation(7) 
 3kinequation(6),
1  (5  k )( 4we
k get,
6) 
khfe
A 
4k 2
 23k  29 
but A  1
h fek
1
4k 2
 23k  29 
h fe k  4k  23k  29
2

7
 29
h fe  4k  23 
k

This must be the value of hfe for the

oscillations. Also , by equating the
derivative of above equation with zero and
simplifying it we get the minimum value of
hfe which is 44.54.
Thus, for the circuit to oscillate we must
select the transistor whose (hfe)min should
be greater than 44.54
THANK YOU