What are the three states of matter?

• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
 Solids
Solids are easily controlled

Cannot easily be compressed (squeezed)

Cannot flow (or diffuse)

Can be cut

Have a definite shape

and volume
 Liquids
Quite difficult to control

Cannot easily be compressed (squeezed)

Can flow and take the shape of their
containers Cannot be cut
Have a definite volume but
different shapes
 Gases
Hard to control
Can easily be compressed
(squeezed)
Flow easily spreading into open
spaces Cannot be cut
Do not have definite
volume or shape
 Changing States
When a solid is heated it melts to become a liquid.

When a liquid is heated it boils

and becomes a gas i.e. Boiling.
If a liquid becomes a gas
without bubbling we call it
evaporation.
 Changing State
When a liquid is cooled until it becomes a solid
we say it freezes.

When a gas is cooled till it becomes a liquid we

say it condenses.
 Changing States of Matter

Melting Evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation
 Changing States of Matter

Melting Evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation

Copy me
down! 3 minutes
 Changing States of Matter
What is
melting
point?
Melting Evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation
 Changing States of Matter
What is
boiling
point?
Melting Evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation
 Finish these sentences.....
1. Melting point is the temperature where.......

2. Boiling point is the temperature where........

Melting Evaporation

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation

4 minutes
Temperature & Heat –
what’s the difference?
 Temperature & Heat –
what’s the difference?

The heat an object contains is the amount of its

Heat thermal energy, measured in joules or J.

The temperature of an object is to do with how

hot or cold it is, measured in degrees Centigrade.
Temperature Note that the unit of temperature is written as °C,
(not °c oroC)
Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
Changing States of Matter
-The Particles

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
As more energy is
added – what happens
to the space between
the particles?

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
It increases! That’s
why the substances
become less dense.

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
There is more space
between particles, so
less particles per unit
area.

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
For example, in 1cm3
of substance, there
would be far more
particles in....

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States of Matter
-The Particles
A solid compared to a
gas, even if it’s the
same substance!
(e.g water)

Increasing vibrations & movement

 Changing States-The Particles
Explain in terms of the energy of particles
why:
Remember! When particles
gain energy they start to
1. Solids melt vibrate more and more and
2. Liquids evaporate more until....?
3. Gases condense
4. Liquids freeze 10 minutes
Extension: Give an example of each.
 Changes of state... In a graph
• We can also
represent changes of
state graphically.
• We can do this by
measuring the
temperature over a
certain time period.
 Changes of state... In a graph
• Take a look at my
results of the
changes of state of
some water.
• What is happening
at....
1. Point A?
2. Point C?
 Changes of state... In a graph
• At point A, the ice is
melting to become
water.
• At point C, the water
is evaporating to
become vapour
(gas).
• How could you tell
this from the graph?
 Changes of state... In a graph
• The temperature is
increasing. You know
this because there is
a gradient (slope) on
the graph.
 Changes of state... In a graph
• How long did it take
for my ice to melt?
 Changes of state... In a graph
• How long did it take
for my ice to melt?

• 3 minutes!

• How can you tell?

 Changes of state... In a graph
• You can read the
result from the
graph. At the start of
A (time 0) the ice is -
50oC and so must be
solid.
• By the end of A, 3
minutes have
passed.
 Changes of state... In a graph
• What do you think is
happening at point
B?
 Changes of state... In a graph
• What do you think is
happening at point
B?

• There is a plateau
(straight line) where
the temperature
isn’t increasing.
 Changes of state... In a graph
• Why do you think it
takes 3 minutes for
the temperature to
increase at point B?
 Changes of state... In a graph
• Why do you think it
takes 3 minutes for the
temperature to increase
at point B?
• The particles need to
gain more heat energy
from the atmosphere
(surroundings) for the
temperature to raise
enough for evaporation
to occur.
In the BACK OF YOUR BOOK – draw a 3 x 3 table like this:
Temperature Heat oC Joules
Energy Thermal Hot Metals
Wood Conductor Insulator Well
Badly Particles Vibrate Saucepan
Spoon 100ml 200ml Expand
Solid Liquid Gas Condense
Evaporate Freeze Melt Boiling Point
 A review of today’s objectives

• Can you explain changes of state in

Some terms of particles?

• Can you interpret changes of state in a graph?

Most
• Can you name and describe the changes of state?
All