WIMAX

R.Manikarnika
2018610011
What are wireless Networks?
• There is no physical connections between the devices
• Radio waves are used to transmit data from one device to
the other
Advantages of wireless communication
• Mobility − A wireless communications system allows users to access
information beyond their desk and conduct business from anywhere
without having a wire connectivity.
• Reachability − Wireless communication systems enable people to be
stay connected and be reachable, regardless of the location they are
operating from.
• Simplicity − Wireless communication system are easy and fast to
deploy in comparison of cabled network. Initial setup cost could be a
bit high but other advantages overcome that high cost.
• Maintainability − In a wireless system, you do not have to spend too
much cost and time to maintain the network setup.
• Roaming Services − Using a wireless network system, you can
provide service any where any time including train, buses, aeroplanes
etc.
• New Services − Wireless communication systems provide various
smart services like SMS and MMS.
Issues with wireless networks
• Quality of Service (QoS) − One of the primary concerns about
wireless data delivery is that, unlike the Internet through wired
services, QoS is inadequate. Lost packets and atmospheric
interference are recurring problems of the wireless protocols.
• Security Risk − This is another major issue with a data
transfer over a wireless network. Basic network security
mechanisms like the service set identifier (SSID) and Wireless
Equivalency Privacy (WEP);these measures may be adequate
for residences and small businesses, but they are inadequate
for the entities that require stronger security.
• Reachable Range − Normally, wireless network offers a range
of about 100 meters or less. Range is a function of antenna
design and power. Now a days the range of wireless is
extended to tens of miles so this should not be an issue any
more.
What is WiMAX?
• Full Form: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
• Definition: A standards-based technology enabling the
delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an
alternative to cable and DSL. IEEE 802.16m or Wireless
MAN-Advanced was a candidate for the 4G, with the LTE
Advanced standard.
• Offered Speed: 750Mbps-1Gbps
• Technology used: TDD, FDD
• Distance: 3km
• Spectrum bands: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz
Uses of WiMAX
• Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across
cities and countries through various devices
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital
subscriber line (DSL) for last mile broadband access
• Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP)
and IPTV services (triple play)
• Providing Internet connectivity as part of a business
continuity plan
• Smart grids and metering
Implementation of WiMAX
• Transmitter:

• Receiver:
DATA
• The data given as input. It is the message/information we
want to deliver
• It can be both analog and digital
• Digital is more preferred it is less distorted and can be
easily recovered by a regenerative repeater
• Thus the signals that are inherently analog are converted
to digital
RANDOMIZER
• Also known as Scrambler
• It is a device that transposes or inverts signals or otherwise
encodes a message at the sender's side to make the message
unintelligible at a receiver not equipped with an appropriately
set descrambling device (~Encryption)
• Functions:
• An algorithm that converts an input string into a
seemingly random output string of the same length (e.g.,
by pseudo-randomly selecting bits to invert), thus avoiding long
sequences of bits of the same value.
• An analog or digital source of unpredictable (i.e., high entropy),
unbiased, and usually independent (i.e., random) output bits. A
truly random generator may be used to feed a (more
practical) deterministic pseudo-random random number
generator, which extends the random seed value.
RANDOMIZER
• Reason for scrambling:
• To enable accurate timing recovery on receiver equipment
without resorting to redundant line coding. It facilitates the work
of a timing recovery circuit, an automatic gain control and other
adaptive circuits of the receiver (eliminating long sequences
consisting of '0' or '1' only).
• For energy dispersal on the carrier, reducing inter-carrier
signal interference. It eliminates the dependence of a
signal's power spectrum upon the actual transmitted data,
making it more dispersed to meet maximum power spectral
density requirements (because if the power is concentrated in a
narrow frequency band, it can interfere with adjacent channels
due to the intermodulation (also known as cross-modulation)
caused by non-linearity of the receiving tract.
Types of Scramblers
• Additive (synchronous) scramblers:
• An additive scrambler (descrambler) used in DVB
• Additive scramblers (they are also referred to as synchronous)
transform the input data stream by applying a pseudo-random binary
sequence (PRBS) (by modulo-two addition). Sometimes a pre-
calculated PRBS stored in the read-only memory is used, but more
often it is generated by a linear-feedback shift register (LFSR).
• In order to assure a synchronous operation of the transmitting and
receiving LFSR (that is, scrambler and descrambler), a sync-
word must be used.
• A sync-word is a pattern that is placed in the data stream through
equal intervals (that is, in each frame). A receiver searches for a few
sync-words in adjacent frames and hence determines the place when
its LFSR must be reloaded with a pre-defined initial state.
• The additive descrambler is just the same device as the additive
scrambler.
Types of Scramblers
• Multiplicative
• Multiplicative scramblers (also known as feed-through)
are called so because they perform a multiplication of the
input signal by the scrambler's transfer function in Z-
space. They are discrete linear time-invariant systems. A
multiplicative scrambler is recursive, and a multiplicative
descrambler is non-recursive. Unlike additive scramblers,
multiplicative scramblers do not need the frame
synchronization, that is why they are also called self-
synchronizing. Multiplicative scrambler/descrambler is
defined similarly by a polynomial (for the scrambler on the
picture it is which is also a transfer function of the
descrambler.
Scrambler
BLOCK ENCODER
• Reed–Solomon codes are non-binary codes. A cyclic code is
said to be non-binary in that given the code vector c=(c0-cn-1)
the coefficients {ci}i=0n-1are not binary 0 or 1. Rather, ci the are
themselves made up of sequences of 0s and 1s, with each
sequence being of length k.
• A Reed–Solomon (n,k) code is used to encode m-bit symbols
into blocks consisting of n=2m –1 symbols; that is, m(2m-1) bits,
where m>=1 .
• A t-error-correcting Reed–Solomon code has the following
parameters:
> block length n=2m-1 symbols
> message size k symbols
> parity-check size n-k=2t symbols
> minimum distance dmin=2t+1 symbols
BLOCK ENCODER
CONVOLUTION ENCODER
• In block coding, the encoder accepts a k-bit message block
and generates an n-bit code word, which contains n–k parity-
check bits.
• Convolutional coder generates redundant bits by using modulo-
2 convolutions; hence the name convolutional codes
• The encoder of a binary convolutional code with rate 1/n,
measured in bits per symbol, may be viewed as a finite-state
machine that consists of an M-stage shift register with
prescribed connections to n modulo-2 adders and a multiplexer
that serializes the outputs of the adders. A sequence of
message bits produces a coded output sequence of length n(L
+ M) bits, where L is the length of the message sequence. The
code rate is therefore given by r=L/n(L+M)
CONVOLUTION ENCODER
INTERLEAVER
• The interleaver is an input–output mapping device that
permutes the ordering of a sequence of symbols from a
fixed alphabet in a completely deterministic manner; that
is, it takes the symbols at the input and produces identical
symbols at the output but in a different temporal order
• There are two reasons for the use of an interleaver
1. The interleaver ties together errors that are easily made
in one half to errors that are exceptionally unlikely to occur
in the other half.
2. The interleaver provides robust performance with
respect to mismatched decoding, a problem that arises
when the channel statistics are not known or have been
incorrectly specified.
MODULATOR
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM is a form of
modulation which is widely used for modulating data
signals onto a carrier used for radio communications. It is
widely used because it offers advantages over other
forms of data modulation such as PSK, although many
forms of data modulation operate along side each other.
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a signal in
which two carriers shifted in phase by 90 degrees are
modulated and the resultant output consists of both
amplitude and phase variations. In view of the fact that
both amplitude and phase variations are present it may
also be considered as a mixture of amplitude and phase
modulation.
MODULATOR
OFDM SYMBOLS
The symbols thus generated by the process are OFDM
symbols and are transmitted into the medium.

In the receiver side, the exact opposite process happens so

as to retrieve back the signal. Thus we calculate the error
generated by various transmission channels.
SIMULINK BLOCK
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
OUTPUT (Input Data)
OUTPUT (Input Data Spectrum)
OUTPUT (Scrambler Transmitted)
OUTPUT (Transmitted)
OUTPUT (CE Transmitted)
OUTPUT (CI Transmitted)
OUTPUT (Gain Transmitted)
OUTPUT (Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT(Transmitted Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (Transmitted Rician)
OUTPUT (w/o channel Transmitted)
OUTPUT (RSE Transmitted)
OUTPUT (Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (CD Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (CD Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (CD Received Rician)
OUTPUT (Gain Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (Gain Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (Gain Received Rician)
OUTPUT (QAM Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (QAM Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (QAM Received Rician)
OUTPUT (Received Rician)
OUTPUT (RSD Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (RSD Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (RSD Received Rician)
OUTPUT (VD Received AWGN)
OUTPUT (VD Received Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (VD Received Rician)
OUTPUT (AWGN)
OUTPUT (AWGN)
OUTPUT(Received Rician)
OUTPUT(Received Rician)
OUTPUT (Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (Rayleigh)
OUTPUT (ERROR)
INFERENCE
• The error generated by the three channels have been
calculated(using the default values). It has been found
that the error is the least for a rician fading channel
followed by AWGN and finally Rayleigh
• On an average, 48% error is generated by all the three
fading channels. Thus, measures need to be taken to
mitigate these errors.
• The spectrum of all the three channels are very similar in
nature(AWGN Channel is more spiky).
• All the other parameters are defined uniformly to study the
channel characteristics.
THANK YOU